I just discovered that the entire November 2008 issue of the Journal of Human Evolution is dedicated to discussions of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition. That's when the two kinds of humans--Neanderthals and Moderns--merged or diverged or whatever the heck we did. The jury is still out, but you can read the differences of opinion in that issue, if you have access to a university account or are willing to plump for the cost of the journal. Well worth it if you're that graduate student with an interest in such things.
Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):761-926. Chronology of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition in Eurasia. Edited by Daniel S. Adler and Olaf Jöris
For those of you intrigued but not of the academic student sort, here's the general theory, although I'll need to incorporate some more info from those JHE pages:
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