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K. Kris Hirst

Buffalo Soldiers, the Apache Wars, and Archaeology

By , About.com GuideJuly 20, 2011

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In Guadalupe Mountains National Park of West Texas lie the archaeological remains of the Pine Springs Camp, a site which has been investigated by Howard University and the National Park Service since 2004.

A sentry post associated with the US military occupations of Pine Springs Camp, discovered by Charles Haecker in 2004
A sentry post associated with the US military occupations of Pine Springs Camp, discovered by Charles Haecker in 2004. Charles Haecker (c) 2004

Pine Springs Camp features clean, non-sulfurous water, abundant grass for livestock, and pine for construction; and in the late 1870s, it was the base of operations for both US Government "Buffalo Soldier" forces, and the Apaches the government sought to contain.

This photo essay, based on the writings of Eleanor King and Charles Haecker of the Mescalero-Buffalo Soldiers Archaeological Project, and with the considerable assistance of Eleanor King, provides an introduction to the Apache Wars, the Buffalo Soldiers, and the archaeological remains seen at Pine Springs Camp.

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