Definition: German anthropologist and economist Karl Wittfogel was a philosopher and critic of the Marxist movement of early 20th century Europe. In archaeological circles he is probably best known for his belief that the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia were kept from their full potential by a lack of knowledge about irrigation systems. The so-called hydraulic theory of civilization was a cornerstone of the cultural ecology movement, and Wittfogel was influenced by and in turn influenced Julian Steward and others interested in the ecological forces behind cultural growth and development. Educated at University of Frankfurt, Wittfogel was eventually arrested by the Nazis and fled to the United States where he was associated with Columbia University. In the US, of course, he was subpoened by the House Committee on Un-American Activities, as a former member of the Communist Party.
This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Sources for the term include the references listed on the front page of the Dictionary, and the websites listed in the sidebar.
This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Sources for the term include the references listed on the front page of the Dictionary, and the websites listed in the sidebar.
