At the foot of the Guadalupe Mountains within sight of the tallest mountain in Texas and between two cold, carbonate streams lie the archaeological ruins of the Pine Springs Camp, a key site to understanding both sides of the Apache Wars of the late 19th century. The term Apache Wars refers to a series of skirmishes carried on during the United States expansion into the traditional tribal lands of the Native American Apache tribes and their allies.
The interlaced record of these Apache and military activities has been the subject of archaeological research at Pine Springs Camp since the 1970s.
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- The Apache Wars in TexasOverview of the excavations at Pine Springs Camp
- History of the Buffalo Soldiers10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers at Camp
- History of the Apaches in TexasApache Rancheria
- Texas Archaeological Society Field School, 1970Rock concentration/military campfire (Texas Archaeological Society Field School, 1970
- National Park Service Excavations at Pine Springs CampSentry Post Overlooking Pine Springs Camp
- Warriors Project Excavations at Pine Springs CampAerial view of Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Pine Springs Camp
- Mapping Features at Pine Springs CampArchaeological Map of Pine Springs Camp
- US Military FeaturesMilitary Features at Pine Springs Camp
- Apache Features at Pine Springs CampApache Features at Pine Springs Camp
- Archaeology's Role in Historical Events Scouting Journal Entry, 1877. 2nd Lieutenant Charles Ayres, 10th Cavalry
- Bibliography of the Mescalero-Buffalo Soldiers Archaeological ProjectWarriors Project Field Crew 2006
- Apache Wars BibliographyWagon Road to Upper Pine Springs
- Graphic Index
- Text Index
