Definition: The Persian Empire included all of what is now Iran, and in fact Persia was the official name of Iran until 1935. At its height about 500 BC, the founding dynasty of the empire, the Achaemenids, had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
The beginning of the Persian empire is set at different times by different scholars, but the real force behind the expansion was Cyrus II, aka Cyrus the Great, in the mid-sixth century BC. Cyrus was part of the Achmaenid Empire, with Cyrus's capital first at Hamadan and then Pasargadae. In 330 BC, Macedonian Greeks led by Alexander the Great overthrew the Achaemenids and established what was called the Seleucid Empire after Alexander's general. The Seleucids were in turn followed by the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties. The Sasanians were defeated by Arab invaders in AD 637, ushering in the beginning of the great Islamic civilization.
This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Any mistakes are the responsibility of Kris Hirst.
The beginning of the Persian empire is set at different times by different scholars, but the real force behind the expansion was Cyrus II, aka Cyrus the Great, in the mid-sixth century BC. Cyrus was part of the Achmaenid Empire, with Cyrus's capital first at Hamadan and then Pasargadae. In 330 BC, Macedonian Greeks led by Alexander the Great overthrew the Achaemenids and established what was called the Seleucid Empire after Alexander's general. The Seleucids were in turn followed by the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties. The Sasanians were defeated by Arab invaders in AD 637, ushering in the beginning of the great Islamic civilization.
Persian Empire Timeline
- Achmaenid Empire [648-330 BC]
- Seleucid Empire [330-170 BC], established by Alexander the Great and also called the Hellenistic Period
- Parthian Dynasty [170 BC-AD 226]
- Sasanian Dynasty [AD 226-637]
More Information
You can't talk about the archaeology aspects of the Persian empire without mentioning the Oriental Institute excavations at Persepolis led by James Henry Breasted.Source
Curtis, John E. and Nigel Tallis. 2005. Forgotten Empire: The world of ancient Persia. University of California Press: Berkeley.This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Any mistakes are the responsibility of Kris Hirst.
Examples: Pasargadae, Iran.
