Archaeology: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
A Walking Tour of Machu Picchu
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
Research Paper Topics
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
Letter of Intent
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
Terracotta Army
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
The Sphinx
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
Neanderthals Study Guide
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
Dog Domestication
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
Who Were the Aryans?
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
A.D. (or AD)
The initials A.D. (used with or without periods) is an abbreviation for the Latin "Anno Domini", which translates to "the Year of Our Lord," referring to years after the birth of Jesus Christ.
The initials A.D. (used with or without periods) is an abbreviation for the Latin "Anno Domini", which translates to "the Year of Our Lord," referring to years after the birth of Jesus Christ.
Silk Worms
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
Tenochtitlan
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
Cro-Magnon
Cro-Magnons are something that every kid hears about growing up; but scientists no longer use the term. What is a cro-magnon and why don't we use that term any more, and what do we use instead?
Cro-Magnons are something that every kid hears about growing up; but scientists no longer use the term. What is a cro-magnon and why don't we use that term any more, and what do we use instead?
Material Culture
The term "material culture" is often used by archaeologists as a nonspecific way to refer to the artifacts or other concrete things left by past cultures.
The term "material culture" is often used by archaeologists as a nonspecific way to refer to the artifacts or other concrete things left by past cultures.
Maya Civilization Guide
The Maya Civilization or Mayan Civilization is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture.
The Maya Civilization or Mayan Civilization is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture.
Along the Silk Road
Archaeological investigations extend the known age of the ancient road connecting Asia and central Europe known as the Silk Road.
Archaeological investigations extend the known age of the ancient road connecting Asia and central Europe known as the Silk Road.
Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
Olmec
A study guide to the Olmec civilization, including timelines, important sites, important facts, subsistence and settlement, burning issues, and a bibliography
A study guide to the Olmec civilization, including timelines, important sites, important facts, subsistence and settlement, burning issues, and a bibliography
Bitumen
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
The Kingdom of Kush
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
Hunter Gatherers
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
Inca Empire Study Guide
Important facts about the economy, architecture and religion of the inca empire
Important facts about the economy, architecture and religion of the inca empire
Out of Africa Hypothesis
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Writing Samples
Sending along a sample of your writing will show your prospective school how well you communicate--something that is very useful in archaeology.
Sending along a sample of your writing will show your prospective school how well you communicate--something that is very useful in archaeology.
Discovery of Fire
The discovery of fire was one of the earliest discoveries of humans. Fire's purposes are multiple, some of which are to add light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to burn clay for ceramic objects.
The discovery of fire was one of the earliest discoveries of humans. Fire's purposes are multiple, some of which are to add light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to burn clay for ceramic objects.
Pompeii
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Shi Huangdi's Tomb (China)
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
Zhou Dynasty, China
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
Become an Archaeologist
Have you always dreamed of being an archaeologist, but don't know how to become one? To become an archaeologist takes education, reading, training, and persistence. Here's how you can get started exploring that dream job
Have you always dreamed of being an archaeologist, but don't know how to become one? To become an archaeologist takes education, reading, training, and persistence. Here's how you can get started exploring that dream job
Cuzco, Peru
The modern day city of Cuzco in the Andes Mountains of Peru was founded, according to legend, by Manco Capac, the founder of the Incan Civilization.
The modern day city of Cuzco in the Andes Mountains of Peru was founded, according to legend, by Manco Capac, the founder of the Incan Civilization.
The Taj Mahal (India)
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
Petra (Jordan)
New Seven Wonders: Petra (Jordan)
New Seven Wonders: Petra (Jordan)
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt is considered to have begun about 3050 BC, when the first pharaoh Menes united Lower Egypt (referring to the river delta region of the Nile River), and Upper Egypt (everything south of the delta)
Ancient Egypt is considered to have begun about 3050 BC, when the first pharaoh Menes united Lower Egypt (referring to the river delta region of the Nile River), and Upper Egypt (everything south of the delta)
Persian Empire
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
Aztecs
Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Pompeii Streets
The streets of Pompeii are fascinating examples of Roman construction.
The streets of Pompeii are fascinating examples of Roman construction.
History of Chickens
The history of chickens and when they were domesticated is something of a puzzle, but most likely it was about 8,000 years ago in Thailand.
The history of chickens and when they were domesticated is something of a puzzle, but most likely it was about 8,000 years ago in Thailand.
Indus Civilization
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
Toltec Civilization
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
Hampi: Capital of the Vijaynagara Empire
Hampi Ruins, India
Hampi Ruins, India
Damascus Steel
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Scenes from Paradise
A selection of images from the Brooklyn Museum's planned exhibition of Roman mosaics from a Jewish synagogue in Tunisia in the latter days of the Roman empire.
A selection of images from the Brooklyn Museum's planned exhibition of Roman mosaics from a Jewish synagogue in Tunisia in the latter days of the Roman empire.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Pyramids of Egypt
A tour of the pyramids of Egypt
A tour of the pyramids of Egypt
American Civilizations
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
Paleolithic
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
Hominin
Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human ancestors. This is not a misspelling for hominid; this reflects an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human.
Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human ancestors. This is not a misspelling for hominid; this reflects an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human.
House of the Faun
The floor plan of the House of the Faun illustrates its immensity--it covers an area of over 30,000 square feet. The size is comparable to eastern Hellenistic palaces of the same era--and Alexis Christensen has argued that the house was designed to imitate palaces like Delos.
The floor plan of the House of the Faun illustrates its immensity--it covers an area of over 30,000 square feet. The size is comparable to eastern Hellenistic palaces of the same era--and Alexis Christensen has argued that the house was designed to imitate palaces like Delos.
Iceman
The Iceman is the name of a 5,300-year-old human body discovered high in the Swiss/Italian Alps in 1991.
The Iceman is the name of a 5,300-year-old human body discovered high in the Swiss/Italian Alps in 1991.
Lucy
Lucy is the name of the nearly complete skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis, found in 1974 at AL 288, a site in the Hadar archaeological region on the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
Lucy is the name of the nearly complete skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis, found in 1974 at AL 288, a site in the Hadar archaeological region on the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
Archaeology Subfields
Archaeology has many subfields--including both ways of thinking about archaeology and ways of studying archaeology
Archaeology has many subfields--including both ways of thinking about archaeology and ways of studying archaeology
Archaeology Quiz: Tutankhamun's Tomb
Archaeology Quiz: Tutankhamun's Tomb: christopher townsend puzzles and games archaeology games puzzles tutankhamun s tomb
Archaeology Quiz: Tutankhamun's Tomb: christopher townsend puzzles and games archaeology games puzzles tutankhamun s tomb
Viewer's Guide to Archaeology
The National Geographic Society is one of the oldest continuously publishing journals in the world. Founded in 1888, the society has as its main goals "exploration, research, and scientific discoveries'. These days they are best known for video explorations of scientific studies.
The National Geographic Society is one of the oldest continuously publishing journals in the world. Founded in 1888, the society has as its main goals "exploration, research, and scientific discoveries'. These days they are best known for video explorations of scientific studies.
Animal Domestication
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
Shoes and Footwear History
Evidence for the earliest use of shoes--protective covering of the foot--appears to date from the Middle Paleolithic period of approximately 40,000 years ago.
Evidence for the earliest use of shoes--protective covering of the foot--appears to date from the Middle Paleolithic period of approximately 40,000 years ago.
Background Research
Background research refers to accessing the collection of previously published and unpublished information about a site, region, or particular topic of interest and it is the first step of all good archaeological investigations, as well as that of all writers of any kind of research paper.
Background research refers to accessing the collection of previously published and unpublished information about a site, region, or particular topic of interest and it is the first step of all good archaeological investigations, as well as that of all writers of any kind of research paper.
Palace of Minos
The Palace of Minos is of legendary importance to the world, part of the Aegean culture known known as Minoan is the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the island of Crete during the second and third millennia B.C.
The Palace of Minos is of legendary importance to the world, part of the Aegean culture known known as Minoan is the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the island of Crete during the second and third millennia B.C.
Curriculum Vitae
You may need to include a resume of your college career--called a curriculum vitae or c.v.--when you send your application in.
You may need to include a resume of your college career--called a curriculum vitae or c.v.--when you send your application in.
History of Clovis
The Clovis culture is the earliest well-established human culture in the North American continent
The Clovis culture is the earliest well-established human culture in the North American continent
Babylon (Iraq)
The archaeological site of Babylon was the capital of a small city state of Mesopotamia, named Babylonia, located in what is now Iraq, near the modern town of Hilla.
The archaeological site of Babylon was the capital of a small city state of Mesopotamia, named Babylonia, located in what is now Iraq, near the modern town of Hilla.
Temple of the Warriors
Chichen Itza - Temple of the Warriors - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Temple of the Warriors - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman - Information about Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman - Information about Otzi the Iceman
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
Ardipithecus Ramidus
An ancient human ancestor, Ardipithecus ramidus, deals paleontologists a surprise, a surprise supported by intensive research into fossil animal and plant remains, skeletal analysis, and habitat investigations, all reported in the October 2, 2009 issue of Science magazine.
An ancient human ancestor, Ardipithecus ramidus, deals paleontologists a surprise, a surprise supported by intensive research into fossil animal and plant remains, skeletal analysis, and habitat investigations, all reported in the October 2, 2009 issue of Science magazine.
Nalanda University Ruins
Nalanda University Ruins, India
Nalanda University Ruins, India
What Controversy?
The Kennewick Man controversy began with a couple of guys sneaking into a boat race; but the saga includes all of what modern archaeology is about, including science, religion, and indigenous people's rights. This series discusses the Kennewick findings, the issues at stake and the progress of the court case.
The Kennewick Man controversy began with a couple of guys sneaking into a boat race; but the saga includes all of what modern archaeology is about, including science, religion, and indigenous people's rights. This series discusses the Kennewick findings, the issues at stake and the progress of the court case.
Discovery of Troy
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Shang Dynasty of China
The Bronze Age Shang Dynasty in China is roughly dated between 1700-1050 BC
The Bronze Age Shang Dynasty in China is roughly dated between 1700-1050 BC
Sacred Cenote (Well of the Sacrifices)
Chichen Itza - Sacred Cenote - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Sacred Cenote - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty [221-206 BC], while only fifteen years in duration and only including two emperors, was one of the most important and influential of periods in Chinese history.
The Qin Dynasty [221-206 BC], while only fifteen years in duration and only including two emperors, was one of the most important and influential of periods in Chinese history.
Canterbury Cathedral, England
The Canterbury Cathedral is probably among the most famous church edifices in the world, partly because of its famous archbishops including St. Augustine, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Becket, the last of which was murdered in it in 1170 AD.
The Canterbury Cathedral is probably among the most famous church edifices in the world, partly because of its famous archbishops including St. Augustine, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Becket, the last of which was murdered in it in 1170 AD.
Timing is Everything
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
Plant Domestication
A table of dates, places, and links to further detailed information about the domestication of plants.
A table of dates, places, and links to further detailed information about the domestication of plants.
Complex Societies
Ancient civilizations sometimes evolve from simpler societies; this much is apparent. The characteristics which identify increasing complexity include a range of different elements.
Ancient civilizations sometimes evolve from simpler societies; this much is apparent. The characteristics which identify increasing complexity include a range of different elements.
Arrowheads
Arrowheads are the most identifiable archaeological artifact in the world. Whether they've personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays or just watched them being shot into people in John Wayne movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts are the remnants of a hunting trip.
Arrowheads are the most identifiable archaeological artifact in the world. Whether they've personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays or just watched them being shot into people in John Wayne movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts are the remnants of a hunting trip.
Aachen Cathedral, Germany
Aachen Cathedral was first built in 805 AD, at the behest of Charlemagne.
Aachen Cathedral was first built in 805 AD, at the behest of Charlemagne.
Emperor Qin's Terracotta Army
A walking tour of the terracotta army of the Qin Dynasty emperor of China who united China in 221 BC, Emperor Shihuangdi.
A walking tour of the terracotta army of the Qin Dynasty emperor of China who united China in 221 BC, Emperor Shihuangdi.
Islamic Civilization
The Islamic Civilization is in reality an amalgam of wide variety of cultures, from North Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.
The Islamic Civilization is in reality an amalgam of wide variety of cultures, from North Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.
Careers in Archaeology
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
The Roman Colosseum (Italy)
New Seven Wonders: The Roman Colosseum (Italy)
New Seven Wonders: The Roman Colosseum (Italy)
Stonehenge (United Kingdom)
Stonehenge is a megalithic rock monument of 150 enormous stones set in a purposeful circular pattern, located on the Salisbury Plain of southern England, the main portion of it built about 2000 BC.
Stonehenge is a megalithic rock monument of 150 enormous stones set in a purposeful circular pattern, located on the Salisbury Plain of southern England, the main portion of it built about 2000 BC.
Domestication of Cattle
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
Silkworms and Silk Making
The use of the silk worm species Bombyx to produce cloth was invented at least as early as the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC), and perhaps earlier.
The use of the silk worm species Bombyx to produce cloth was invented at least as early as the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC), and perhaps earlier.
What Every Kid Wants to Know
What kind of job can I get in archaeology? Does it pay well? Do you have to work when it's hot? These are the questions that everyone who is thinking about being an archaeologist wants to know.
What kind of job can I get in archaeology? Does it pay well? Do you have to work when it's hot? These are the questions that everyone who is thinking about being an archaeologist wants to know.
Stone Ring at Ball Court
Chichen Itza - Ball Court - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Ball Court - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Settlement Patterns
One of the core concepts of the study of archaeology is settlement pattern studies.
One of the core concepts of the study of archaeology is settlement pattern studies.
Hagia Sophia, Turkey
The magnificent Hagia Sophia was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian between the years AD 532 and 537, and achieved its final form in 563 AD.
The magnificent Hagia Sophia was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian between the years AD 532 and 537, and achieved its final form in 563 AD.
Maya Lady Xok
This Maya carving of ruler Lady Xok depicts her experience of a supernatural vision after performing a sacrifice of her own blood. Like many ancient American rulers, Maya elite like Lady Xok, acted not only as political rulers of their community, but also the spiritual ones.
This Maya carving of ruler Lady Xok depicts her experience of a supernatural vision after performing a sacrifice of her own blood. Like many ancient American rulers, Maya elite like Lady Xok, acted not only as political rulers of their community, but also the spiritual ones.
Multiregional Hypothesis
The Multiregional Hypothesis argues that our earliest hominid ancestors radiated out from Africa and Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world.
The Multiregional Hypothesis argues that our earliest hominid ancestors radiated out from Africa and Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world.
Reindeer
Reindeer (also called caribou) were one of the last animals domesticated: by the people of the Eurasian arctic and subarctic about 1,000 BC.
Reindeer (also called caribou) were one of the last animals domesticated: by the people of the Eurasian arctic and subarctic about 1,000 BC.
Unknown Empires
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul is one of several structures in the ancient city of Constantinople
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul is one of several structures in the ancient city of Constantinople
Lascaux Cave
Lascaux Cave is a rockshelter in the Dordogne Valley of France with fabulous cave paintings, dated to between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago. Sadly, it is no longer open to the public.
Lascaux Cave is a rockshelter in the Dordogne Valley of France with fabulous cave paintings, dated to between 15,000 and 17,000 years ago. Sadly, it is no longer open to the public.
A Walking Tour of Olympia
The Stadium at Olympia, Greece: a photograph of the entry of the stadium at Olympia, by Aschwin Prein.
The Stadium at Olympia, Greece: a photograph of the entry of the stadium at Olympia, by Aschwin Prein.
E.A. Poe's The Coliseum
Like other Victorian writers, Edgar Allan Poe visited the Colosseum and came back a changed man. Here is one version (of several) of his poem written in 1833.
Like other Victorian writers, Edgar Allan Poe visited the Colosseum and came back a changed man. Here is one version (of several) of his poem written in 1833.
Mesopotamian Cylinder Seal
Mesopotamian Cylinder Seal, circa 2350-2150 BC
Mesopotamian Cylinder Seal, circa 2350-2150 BC
Nazca
The Nazca (often spelled Nasca in archaeological texts) civilization was located in the Nasca region as defined by the Ica and Grande river drainages, on the southern coast of Peru between about AD 1-750.
The Nazca (often spelled Nasca in archaeological texts) civilization was located in the Nasca region as defined by the Ica and Grande river drainages, on the southern coast of Peru between about AD 1-750.
Oasis Theory
The Oasis Theory is a core concept in archaeology, referring to one of the main hypotheses about the origins of agriculture.
The Oasis Theory is a core concept in archaeology, referring to one of the main hypotheses about the origins of agriculture.
Khufu's Pyramid
The largest of the three Old Kingdom pyramids located at Giza in Egypt, Khufu's pyramid was built between 2589 and 2566 BC.
The largest of the three Old Kingdom pyramids located at Giza in Egypt, Khufu's pyramid was built between 2589 and 2566 BC.
Social Organization
Social organization of a group includes how people interact, and archaeologists look for clues to the social organizations in artifact patterns.
Social organization of a group includes how people interact, and archaeologists look for clues to the social organizations in artifact patterns.
The Great Wall of China
The New Seven Wonders: The Great Wall of China
The New Seven Wonders: The Great Wall of China
Chang'an (China)
Chang'an is the name of one of the most important ancient capital cities of China.
Chang'an is the name of one of the most important ancient capital cities of China.
Pompeii, Italy
The Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 76 AD: But you already knew that, didn't you?
The Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 76 AD: But you already knew that, didn't you?
Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli)
Chichen Itza - Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli) - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli) - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Archaeology Defined
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
Great Ball Court and Temple of the Jaguars
Chichen Itza - Great Ball Court and Temple of the Jaguars - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Great Ball Court and Temple of the Jaguars - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
City of Ur
The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar, was an important Sumerian city state between about 2025-1738 BC.
The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar, was an important Sumerian city state between about 2025-1738 BC.
Valley of the Kings (Egypt)
The Valley of the Kings is the name given to a long dry valley or wadi running parallel to the Nile River on the west bank opposite Luxor, Egypt.
The Valley of the Kings is the name given to a long dry valley or wadi running parallel to the Nile River on the west bank opposite Luxor, Egypt.
Kilwa Kisiwani
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
Map of the Dead Sea Caves
A map of the location of the Dead Sea Scroll Caves and the site of Khirbet Qumran
A map of the location of the Dead Sea Scroll Caves and the site of Khirbet Qumran
Lower Paleolithic Period
The Lower Paleolithic period (2.7 million to 200,000 years ago) is the first archaeology, that is to say, that period when the first evidence of what scientists consider human behaviors occurred.
The Lower Paleolithic period (2.7 million to 200,000 years ago) is the first archaeology, that is to say, that period when the first evidence of what scientists consider human behaviors occurred.
Field Schools
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Pre-Clovis Culture
Pre-Clovis culture is the term used by archaeologists to refer to the admittedly controversial evidence for human occupations in the Americas before 11,200 years before the present.
Pre-Clovis culture is the term used by archaeologists to refer to the admittedly controversial evidence for human occupations in the Americas before 11,200 years before the present.
Human Migration
The evolution of modern Homo sapiens took place someplace in east Africa, about 200,000 years ago. We stayed in Africa for some 100,000 to 150,000 years, before venturing out into the world.
The evolution of modern Homo sapiens took place someplace in east Africa, about 200,000 years ago. We stayed in Africa for some 100,000 to 150,000 years, before venturing out into the world.
Atacama Glyphs
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
Moche Culture Timeline
The Moche culture was a South American society, whose sites were located along the arid coast of what is now Peru between 100 and 800 AD
The Moche culture was a South American society, whose sites were located along the arid coast of what is now Peru between 100 and 800 AD
Glass History
Glass is a transparent hard substance created by the application of enormous amounts of heat to sand or quartz. Nature's glass is made by volcanic action, superheating and creating the substance called obsidian.
Glass is a transparent hard substance created by the application of enormous amounts of heat to sand or quartz. Nature's glass is made by volcanic action, superheating and creating the substance called obsidian.
Ancient Farming
Ancient farming methods used by farmers throughout the world varied quite a bit. Farmers developed many ways to maintain soils, ward off frost and freeze cycles and protect their crops from animals. On this page you'll find core concept definitions, articles on examples of archaeological research into ancient farming, detailed examination of some special farming techniques and bibliographies of related topics.
Ancient farming methods used by farmers throughout the world varied quite a bit. Farmers developed many ways to maintain soils, ward off frost and freeze cycles and protect their crops from animals. On this page you'll find core concept definitions, articles on examples of archaeological research into ancient farming, detailed examination of some special farming techniques and bibliographies of related topics.
Tirana Mosque of Et'hem Bey, Albania
Tirana Mosque of Et'hem Bey, Albania
Tirana Mosque of Et'hem Bey, Albania
Tenochtitlan (Mexico)
The capital city of the Aztec civilization, Tenochtitlan is now the metropolis of Mexico City.
The capital city of the Aztec civilization, Tenochtitlan is now the metropolis of Mexico City.
El Caracol (The Observatory)
Chichen Itza - Caracol - The Observatory - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Caracol - The Observatory - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Anglo-Saxon culture
The Anglo-Saxons were peoples who originated in northern Germany and Scandinavia, and who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
The Anglo-Saxons were peoples who originated in northern Germany and Scandinavia, and who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
Chickens
Evidence for chicken domestication suggests that it may have been domesticated several times over the course of several centuries, but beginning by at least 8,000 years ago.
Evidence for chicken domestication suggests that it may have been domesticated several times over the course of several centuries, but beginning by at least 8,000 years ago.
Dancing Girl
A 4500 year old statuette of a dancing girl from the ancient Harappan town of Mohenjo-Daro dances across space and time into our imaginations.
A 4500 year old statuette of a dancing girl from the ancient Harappan town of Mohenjo-Daro dances across space and time into our imaginations.
El Castillo (Kukulcan or the Castle)
El Castillo (Kukulcan or the Castle), Chichen Itza, Mexico
El Castillo (Kukulcan or the Castle), Chichen Itza, Mexico
Mammoths
Mammoths and mastodons are both extinct forms of elephant that roamed the world before the end of the Pleistocene period.
Mammoths and mastodons are both extinct forms of elephant that roamed the world before the end of the Pleistocene period.
Indus Seals
Recent investigation of seals from the ancient Indus Civilization suggest that the glyphs represent a full, as-yet-deciphered language.
Recent investigation of seals from the ancient Indus Civilization suggest that the glyphs represent a full, as-yet-deciphered language.
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu lies on a cloud-draped ridge between the two mountain tops, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past of South America.
Machu Picchu lies on a cloud-draped ridge between the two mountain tops, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past of South America.
Arrowhead Myths and Facts
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Getting into Graduate School
To become a professional archaeologist--that is, a person who earns a living as an archaeologist--one needs a graduate degree. This series is an introduction to gaining the level of training you need to become the next Indiana Jones.
To become a professional archaeologist--that is, a person who earns a living as an archaeologist--one needs a graduate degree. This series is an introduction to gaining the level of training you need to become the next Indiana Jones.
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde
In The Ancient Americas exhibition, visitors will be able to walk through a recreation of a Puebloan household similar to the one shown here at Mesa Verde National Park. Visitors can learn more about how ancient Pueblo people lived, ate and slept through a variety of hands-on interactives.
In The Ancient Americas exhibition, visitors will be able to walk through a recreation of a Puebloan household similar to the one shown here at Mesa Verde National Park. Visitors can learn more about how ancient Pueblo people lived, ate and slept through a variety of hands-on interactives.
Great Pyramid at Giza
Great Pyramid at Giza
Great Pyramid at Giza
Spectacles and Spectators
Like many pre-modern societies, the Classic period Maya (AD 250-900 AD) used ritual and ceremony performed by the rulers or elites to appease gods, repeat historical events, and prepare for the future. But not all ceremonies were secret rituals; in fact, many were public rituals, theatrical performances and dances played in public arenas to unite communities and express political power relationships.
Like many pre-modern societies, the Classic period Maya (AD 250-900 AD) used ritual and ceremony performed by the rulers or elites to appease gods, repeat historical events, and prepare for the future. But not all ceremonies were secret rituals; in fact, many were public rituals, theatrical performances and dances played in public arenas to unite communities and express political power relationships.
Faience
Ancient faience is a completely manufactured material created (one assumes) to imitate the bright colors and gloss of hard-to-get gems and used in jewelry throughout Egypt and the Near East beginning about 5500 years ago.
Ancient faience is a completely manufactured material created (one assumes) to imitate the bright colors and gloss of hard-to-get gems and used in jewelry throughout Egypt and the Near East beginning about 5500 years ago.
Feudalism
Feudalism is a system of political organization, in which an elite individual called a "lord" has control over several common people, or "vassals" who till the land, serve as warriors, and conduct other work for the lord.
Feudalism is a system of political organization, in which an elite individual called a "lord" has control over several common people, or "vassals" who till the land, serve as warriors, and conduct other work for the lord.
Axum's Obelisks
Axum's Obelisks
Axum's Obelisks
Middle Paleolithic Timeline
The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 200,000 to 45,000 years ago or so) is the period during which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all over the world.
The Middle Paleolithic period (ca 200,000 to 45,000 years ago or so) is the period during which Archaic humans including Homo sapiens neanderthalensis appeared and flourished all over the world.
Rozafa Castle, Shkodra
Rozafa Castle, Shkodra, Albania
Rozafa Castle, Shkodra, Albania
Letters of Reference
It's so important to select the right references if you're going to get into your department of choice for graduate school. Here are some tips to get the best references for your buck.
It's so important to select the right references if you're going to get into your department of choice for graduate school. Here are some tips to get the best references for your buck.
Hittites
The Hittite empire ruled much of Anatolia--roughly what today is Turkey--between about 1340-1200 BC.
The Hittite empire ruled much of Anatolia--roughly what today is Turkey--between about 1340-1200 BC.
Caral
A collection of sites in the Supe Valley of Peru are proving to be the ancestral source of the Inca and other later civilizations of South and Central America. Caral and the other Supe Valley sites promise to teach us why people choose to become urban dwellers.
A collection of sites in the Supe Valley of Peru are proving to be the ancestral source of the Inca and other later civilizations of South and Central America. Caral and the other Supe Valley sites promise to teach us why people choose to become urban dwellers.
Domestication of the Cat
Although available evidence makes it difficult to say, the modern day cat was permanently domesticated about 4000 years ago, in Egypt.
Although available evidence makes it difficult to say, the modern day cat was permanently domesticated about 4000 years ago, in Egypt.
Cactus Hill (USA)
Cactus Hill is a buried multicomponent site on the Nottaway River of Virginia, with archaic, Clovis and, below the Clovis and separated by sterile sand, an apparent Pre-Clovis occupation.
Cactus Hill is a buried multicomponent site on the Nottaway River of Virginia, with archaic, Clovis and, below the Clovis and separated by sterile sand, an apparent Pre-Clovis occupation.
Cultural Ecology
Cultural Ecology is an anthropological theory put forward by Julian Steward, that considers adaptation to environment as the paramount driver in cultural change.
Cultural Ecology is an anthropological theory put forward by Julian Steward, that considers adaptation to environment as the paramount driver in cultural change.
Inca Trail
Bridges on the Inca Road were built of a very wide variety of methods, including pontoon rafts, wood beams or stone slabs.
Bridges on the Inca Road were built of a very wide variety of methods, including pontoon rafts, wood beams or stone slabs.
Amelia Earhart's Fate
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot.
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot.
History of Archaeology
The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from.
The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from.
BP (or B.P.)
Archaeologists use the term 'BP' to mean 'years before humans began to screw up the atmosphere by testing nuclear devices'.
Archaeologists use the term 'BP' to mean 'years before humans began to screw up the atmosphere by testing nuclear devices'.
Wheat Domestication
Wheat was one of the very first crops domesticated by our ancestors, some 10,000 years ago in southeastern Turkey.
Wheat was one of the very first crops domesticated by our ancestors, some 10,000 years ago in southeastern Turkey.
Archaic Period
The Archaic period is the name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies in the North American continent from approximately 8000 to 2000 years BP.
The Archaic period is the name given to generalized hunter-gatherer societies in the North American continent from approximately 8000 to 2000 years BP.