Archaeology: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
Terracotta Army
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
Letter of Intent
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
A Walking Tour of Machu Picchu
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
Aztecs
Aztec is the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Aztec is the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Research Paper Topics
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
Great Pyramid at Giza
Great Pyramid at Giza
Great Pyramid at Giza
Tenochtitlan
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
Archaeology Quiz: The Maya Civilization
Archaeology Quiz: The Maya Civilization
Archaeology Quiz: The Maya Civilization
Who Were the Aryans?
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
Aztec Civilization
Facts and figures about the Aztec civilization, including population size, areal extent, crops grown and rituals practiced.
Facts and figures about the Aztec civilization, including population size, areal extent, crops grown and rituals practiced.
Inca Gold Figurine, Peru
This gold figurine, and similar gold pieces from Cuzco, are rare finds. While at one time the Inca had plentiful gold deposits, objects such as this, along with most of Cuzco's gold, were taken by Spanish conquistadors in the early 1500s and shipped to Europe
This gold figurine, and similar gold pieces from Cuzco, are rare finds. While at one time the Inca had plentiful gold deposits, objects such as this, along with most of Cuzco's gold, were taken by Spanish conquistadors in the early 1500s and shipped to Europe
Silk Worms and Leaves
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
A Walking Tour of Olympia
Photographer Aschwin Prein provides a walking tour of the ancient Greek classical site of Olympia, the original location of the Olympic Games. Excavations at the site were the direct impetus for the reinstitution of the games, 1700 years after the games were banned.
Photographer Aschwin Prein provides a walking tour of the ancient Greek classical site of Olympia, the original location of the Olympic Games. Excavations at the site were the direct impetus for the reinstitution of the games, 1700 years after the games were banned.
Along the Silk Road
Archaeological investigations extend the known age of the ancient road connecting Asia and central Europe known as the Silk Road.
Archaeological investigations extend the known age of the ancient road connecting Asia and central Europe known as the Silk Road.
Shi Huangdi's Tomb (China)
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
Olmec Civilization
The Olmec civilization is the name given to a sophisticated central American culture between 1200 and 400 BC.
The Olmec civilization is the name given to a sophisticated central American culture between 1200 and 400 BC.
Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
Pompeii
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Careers in Archaeology
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Inca Empire Study Guide
The Inca empire was the largest pre-hispanic empire of South America when it was 'discovered' by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century AD.
The Inca empire was the largest pre-hispanic empire of South America when it was 'discovered' by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century AD.
Dog Domestication
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
Hominin
Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human ancestors. This is not a misspelling for hominid; this reflects an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human.
Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human ancestors. This is not a misspelling for hominid; this reflects an evolutionary change in the understanding of what it means to be human.
Cro-Magnon
Cro-Magnons are something that every kid hears about growing up; but scientists no longer use the term. What is a cro-magnon and why don't we use that term any more, and what do we use instead?
Cro-Magnons are something that every kid hears about growing up; but scientists no longer use the term. What is a cro-magnon and why don't we use that term any more, and what do we use instead?
The Great Wall of China
The New Seven Wonders: The Great Wall of China
The New Seven Wonders: The Great Wall of China
Abbots Way (UK)
Abbot's Way is a Neolithic trackway, first built about 2000 BC as a footpath to cross a lowland mire in the Somerset Levels and Moors wetland region of Somerset, England.
Abbot's Way is a Neolithic trackway, first built about 2000 BC as a footpath to cross a lowland mire in the Somerset Levels and Moors wetland region of Somerset, England.
San Blas (Mexico)
The destroyed Late Archaic archaeological site of San Blas, Mexico was located near the town of the same name in Nayarit.
The destroyed Late Archaic archaeological site of San Blas, Mexico was located near the town of the same name in Nayarit.
Zhou Dynasty, China
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
Glass Making
Glass is a transparent hard substance created by the application of enormous amounts of heat to sand or quartz. Nature's glass is made by volcanic action, superheating and creating the substance called obsidian.
Glass is a transparent hard substance created by the application of enormous amounts of heat to sand or quartz. Nature's glass is made by volcanic action, superheating and creating the substance called obsidian.
Aztec Sculpture
This Aztec stone statue is similar to others that were found buried between construction layers of the Great Temple, known as "Templo Mayor," which is today located in the middle of modern Mexico City. It is believed that the Aztec people may have placed such statues in the Great Temple as offerings or to increase the sacred power of the temple.
This Aztec stone statue is similar to others that were found buried between construction layers of the Great Temple, known as "Templo Mayor," which is today located in the middle of modern Mexico City. It is believed that the Aztec people may have placed such statues in the Great Temple as offerings or to increase the sacred power of the temple.
Emperor Qin's Terracotta Army
A walking tour of the terracotta army of the Qin Dynasty emperor of China who united China in 221 BC, Emperor Shihuangdi.
A walking tour of the terracotta army of the Qin Dynasty emperor of China who united China in 221 BC, Emperor Shihuangdi.
Ancient Egypt: Timeline
Ancient Egypt is considered to have begun about 3050 BC, when the first pharaoh Menes united Lower Egypt (referring to the river delta region of the Nile River), and Upper Egypt (everything south of the delta).
Ancient Egypt is considered to have begun about 3050 BC, when the first pharaoh Menes united Lower Egypt (referring to the river delta region of the Nile River), and Upper Egypt (everything south of the delta).
Chickens, Chang Mai, Thailand
Evidence for chicken domestication suggests that it may have been domesticated several times over the course of several centuries, but beginning by at least 8,000 years ago.
Evidence for chicken domestication suggests that it may have been domesticated several times over the course of several centuries, but beginning by at least 8,000 years ago.
Grauballe Man (Denmark)
The Grauballe Man is the name of an Iron Age bog body recovered in 1952 from a peat bog in central Jutland, Denmark.
The Grauballe Man is the name of an Iron Age bog body recovered in 1952 from a peat bog in central Jutland, Denmark.
Franklin's Mastodon Tooth
A tooth from the ancient extinct elephant known as a mastodon was recovered from beneath the floor of a building that at one time belonged to Benjamin Franklin. This artifact undoubtedly belonged to Franklin, and it represents Franklin's role in the scientific understanding of the process of evolution. A podcast tour, contributed by Patrice L. Jeppson the historical archaeology consultant to the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary Consortium.
A tooth from the ancient extinct elephant known as a mastodon was recovered from beneath the floor of a building that at one time belonged to Benjamin Franklin. This artifact undoubtedly belonged to Franklin, and it represents Franklin's role in the scientific understanding of the process of evolution. A podcast tour, contributed by Patrice L. Jeppson the historical archaeology consultant to the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary Consortium.
Timing is Everything
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
The Silk Route
The Silk Route (or Silk Road) is the name given to a network of trade routes crossing Asia, first reported to have been used during the Han Dynasty [206 BC-220 AD] in China
The Silk Route (or Silk Road) is the name given to a network of trade routes crossing Asia, first reported to have been used during the Han Dynasty [206 BC-220 AD] in China
Discovery of Troy
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Writing Samples
Sending along a sample of your writing will show your prospective school how well you communicate--something that is very useful in archaeology.
Sending along a sample of your writing will show your prospective school how well you communicate--something that is very useful in archaeology.
Hunter Gatherers
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
The Inca Road
The Inca road system (called Capaq Ñan or Gran Ruta Inca) was an essential part of the success of the Inca Empire
The Inca road system (called Capaq Ñan or Gran Ruta Inca) was an essential part of the success of the Inca Empire
Maya Lady Xok
This Maya carving of ruler Lady Xok depicts her experience of a supernatural vision after performing a sacrifice of her own blood. Like many ancient American rulers, Maya elite like Lady Xok, acted not only as political rulers of their community, but also the spiritual ones.
This Maya carving of ruler Lady Xok depicts her experience of a supernatural vision after performing a sacrifice of her own blood. Like many ancient American rulers, Maya elite like Lady Xok, acted not only as political rulers of their community, but also the spiritual ones.
Archaeology Defined
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
Damascus Steel
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Canterbury Cathedral, England
The Canterbury Cathedral is probably among the most famous church edifices in the world, partly because of its famous archbishops including St. Augustine, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Becket, the last of which was murdered in it in 1170 AD.
The Canterbury Cathedral is probably among the most famous church edifices in the world, partly because of its famous archbishops including St. Augustine, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Becket, the last of which was murdered in it in 1170 AD.
The Roman Colosseum
New Seven Wonders: The Roman Colosseum (Italy)
New Seven Wonders: The Roman Colosseum (Italy)
European Domestic Pigs
Pigs were first domesticated at least about 9,000 years ago, in central Asia.
Pigs were first domesticated at least about 9,000 years ago, in central Asia.
Out of Africa Hypothesis
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty [221-206 BC], while only fifteen years in duration and only including two emperors, was one of the most important and influential of periods in Chinese history.
The Qin Dynasty [221-206 BC], while only fifteen years in duration and only including two emperors, was one of the most important and influential of periods in Chinese history.
Maya Civilization
The Maya Civilization occupied much of the central North American continent between 2500 BC and AD 1500.
The Maya Civilization occupied much of the central North American continent between 2500 BC and AD 1500.
Toltec Civilization
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
Sparta (Greece)
Sparta was one of several city states that arose in Greece during the Classical period (others include Athens, Corinth, and Thebes)
Sparta was one of several city states that arose in Greece during the Classical period (others include Athens, Corinth, and Thebes)
Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Roman Roads (Viae Publicae)
Roman roads (called Viae Publicae in Latin) were an extremely important construction project for imperial Rome, as they allowed for communication and control of the vast Roman empire throughout Europe.
Roman roads (called Viae Publicae in Latin) were an extremely important construction project for imperial Rome, as they allowed for communication and control of the vast Roman empire throughout Europe.
Great Ball Court, Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza - Ball Court - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Ball Court - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Paleolithic
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
Palace of Minos
The Palace of Minos is of legendary importance to the world, part of the Aegean culture known known as Minoan is the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the island of Crete during the second and third millennia B.C.
The Palace of Minos is of legendary importance to the world, part of the Aegean culture known known as Minoan is the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on the island of Crete during the second and third millennia B.C.
Persian Empire
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
Royal Road
The Royal Road was a major intercontinental thoroughfare built by the Achaemenid[/link] king Darius the Great (521-485 BC), to allow access to their conquered cities. It is also the road that Alexander the Great used to conquer the Achaemenid dynasty.
The Royal Road was a major intercontinental thoroughfare built by the Achaemenid[/link] king Darius the Great (521-485 BC), to allow access to their conquered cities. It is also the road that Alexander the Great used to conquer the Achaemenid dynasty.
Pompeii, Italy
The Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 76 AD: But you already knew that, didn't you?
The Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 76 AD: But you already knew that, didn't you?
Bitumen
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
The Taj Mahal
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
E.A. Poe's The Coliseum
Like other Victorian writers, Edgar Allan Poe visited the Colosseum and came back a changed man. Here is one version (of several) of his poem written in 1833.
Like other Victorian writers, Edgar Allan Poe visited the Colosseum and came back a changed man. Here is one version (of several) of his poem written in 1833.
Neanderthals Study Guide
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
Goat Domestication
Domestic goats (Capra hircus) were among the first domesticated animals. Beginning about 10,500-10,800 years ago, Neolithic farmers in the Near East began keeping small herds of goats for their milk, meat, dung, as well as for materials for clothing and building: hair, bone, and sinew.
Domestic goats (Capra hircus) were among the first domesticated animals. Beginning about 10,500-10,800 years ago, Neolithic farmers in the Near East began keeping small herds of goats for their milk, meat, dung, as well as for materials for clothing and building: hair, bone, and sinew.
Capacocha Ceremony
The capacocha ceremony was an important part of the Inca civilization, in which children were sacrificed to celebrate royal events, or to avoid natural catastrophes.
The capacocha ceremony was an important part of the Inca civilization, in which children were sacrificed to celebrate royal events, or to avoid natural catastrophes.
Corlea Trackway (Ireland)
Corlea Trackway is an Iron Age roadway that measures one kilometer long and four meters (12 feet) wide, and was built of massive oaken planks
Corlea Trackway is an Iron Age roadway that measures one kilometer long and four meters (12 feet) wide, and was built of massive oaken planks
Archaeology Quiz: Mexico Culture History
Archaeology Quiz: Mexico Culture History
Archaeology Quiz: Mexico Culture History
Axum's Obelisks
Axum's Obelisks
Axum's Obelisks
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
Khafre's Pyramid at Giza
American Civilizations
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
Letters of Reference
Should you use a letter from an employer as a referee in your graduate student application?
Should you use a letter from an employer as a referee in your graduate student application?
Nalanda University Ruins
Nalanda University Ruins, India
Nalanda University Ruins, India
Settlement Patterns
One of the core concepts of the study of archaeology is settlement pattern studies.
One of the core concepts of the study of archaeology is settlement pattern studies.
Tenochtitlan (Mexico)
The capital city of the Aztec civilization, Tenochtitlan is now the metropolis of Mexico City.
The capital city of the Aztec civilization, Tenochtitlan is now the metropolis of Mexico City.
Arrowhead Myths and Facts
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Nara, Japan
The ancient city of Nara, Japan, is nearing its 1300th anniversary, and the beauty of its intact architecture and the continued integrity of the ancient city's ruins is the result of cautious highway construction policies that take history and archaeology seriously.
The ancient city of Nara, Japan, is nearing its 1300th anniversary, and the beauty of its intact architecture and the continued integrity of the ancient city's ruins is the result of cautious highway construction policies that take history and archaeology seriously.
Unknown Empires
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
Sweet Track (UK)
Sweet Track is the name given to the earliest known trackway in northern Europe, built, according to tree ring analysis of the wood, in the winter or early spring of 3807 or 3806 BC.
Sweet Track is the name given to the earliest known trackway in northern Europe, built, according to tree ring analysis of the wood, in the winter or early spring of 3807 or 3806 BC.
Tula (Mexico)
The archaeological ruins of Tula (also called Tula de Hidalgo), are located in the Mexican state of Hildalgo about 50 kilometers northwest of Mexico City.
The archaeological ruins of Tula (also called Tula de Hidalgo), are located in the Mexican state of Hildalgo about 50 kilometers northwest of Mexico City.
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul is one of several structures in the ancient city of Constantinople
The Blue Mosque of Istanbul is one of several structures in the ancient city of Constantinople
Hagia Sophia, Turkey
The magnificent Hagia Sophia was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian between the years AD 532 and 537, and achieved its final form in 563 AD.
The magnificent Hagia Sophia was built by the Byzantine emperor Justinian between the years AD 532 and 537, and achieved its final form in 563 AD.
Pont du Gard, France
The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct built by the Romans between 40 and 60 BC, to take public water across the Gard river.
The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct built by the Romans between 40 and 60 BC, to take public water across the Gard river.
Teo Mask, Teotihuacan
This ceramic mask was created by the people of Teotihuacan, one of the largest cities in the world at AD 500, with an estimated population of 125,000 people. The rulers of Teotihuacan remain nameless to this day, leaving behind anonymous masks and statues.
This ceramic mask was created by the people of Teotihuacan, one of the largest cities in the world at AD 500, with an estimated population of 125,000 people. The rulers of Teotihuacan remain nameless to this day, leaving behind anonymous masks and statues.
Kilwa Kisiwani
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
Temple of the Warriors
Chichen Itza - Temple of the Warriors - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Temple of the Warriors - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Khufu's Pyramid
The largest of the three Old Kingdom pyramids located at Giza in Egypt, Khufu's pyramid was built between 2589 and 2566 BC.
The largest of the three Old Kingdom pyramids located at Giza in Egypt, Khufu's pyramid was built between 2589 and 2566 BC.
Nazca Vessel, Ica Region, Peru
This vessel, made by the Nazca people of southern Peru, shows a man grasping plants in both hands. Prior to AD 300, Nazca pottery primarily featured similar nature motifs; however, around AD 300, artistic themes began to change in style and increasingly reflected scenes of violence.
This vessel, made by the Nazca people of southern Peru, shows a man grasping plants in both hands. Prior to AD 300, Nazca pottery primarily featured similar nature motifs; however, around AD 300, artistic themes began to change in style and increasingly reflected scenes of violence.
Nazca Lines (Peru)
The Nazca Lines are large geometric animal and abstract geoglyphs from rocks in a desert in northern Peru.
The Nazca Lines are large geometric animal and abstract geoglyphs from rocks in a desert in northern Peru.
Mount Sandel, Ireland
Mount Sandel is the name of a small cluster of the oldest houses in Ireland, first built about 9,000 years ago. The seven small circular huts housed a small group, probably a nuclear family, as they fished and hunted on the banks of the River Bann at Coleraine.
Mount Sandel is the name of a small cluster of the oldest houses in Ireland, first built about 9,000 years ago. The seven small circular huts housed a small group, probably a nuclear family, as they fished and hunted on the banks of the River Bann at Coleraine.
Neanderthals Study Guide
A study guide to our distant cousins, the Neanderthals, including an overview, important facts, archaeological sites, suggestions for further reading and study questions.
A study guide to our distant cousins, the Neanderthals, including an overview, important facts, archaeological sites, suggestions for further reading and study questions.
Kush Civilization
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
What Controversy?
The Kennewick Man controversy began with a couple of guys sneaking into a boat race; but the saga includes all of what modern archaeology is about, including science, religion, and indigenous people's rights. This series discusses the Kennewick findings, the issues at stake and the progress of the court case.
The Kennewick Man controversy began with a couple of guys sneaking into a boat race; but the saga includes all of what modern archaeology is about, including science, religion, and indigenous people's rights. This series discusses the Kennewick findings, the issues at stake and the progress of the court case.
Clovis People
The Clovis culture is the earliest well-established human culture in the North American continent
The Clovis culture is the earliest well-established human culture in the North American continent
Moche Portrait Vessel
This portrait vessel, with its commanding features, depicts a prominent ancient Moche ruler from northern Peru. The Moche people were masters of sculpture and frequently depicted elite individuals through sculpture, often creating record of their childhood, adulthood and even death.
This portrait vessel, with its commanding features, depicts a prominent ancient Moche ruler from northern Peru. The Moche people were masters of sculpture and frequently depicted elite individuals through sculpture, often creating record of their childhood, adulthood and even death.
Atacama Glyphs
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
Angkor Wat (Cambodia)
Angkor Wat is a temple complex and capital city of the Angkor (or Khmer) civilization in Cambodia.
Angkor Wat is a temple complex and capital city of the Angkor (or Khmer) civilization in Cambodia.
Shang Dynasty of China
The Bronze Age Shang Dynasty in China is roughly dated between 1700-1050 BC
The Bronze Age Shang Dynasty in China is roughly dated between 1700-1050 BC
Anthropology
Anthropologists have many interests, traditionally defined in four fields: biological and cultural anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Here's a definition of this crucial concept provided by Michael Scullin.
Anthropologists have many interests, traditionally defined in four fields: biological and cultural anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Here's a definition of this crucial concept provided by Michael Scullin.
Moche Owl Warrior
This ceramic vessel of a supernatural owl warrior illustrates how the Moche people of northern Peru associated warriors and predators, likening warfare to hunting prey. These vessels frequently featured beings with characteristics of both people, plants and animals.
This ceramic vessel of a supernatural owl warrior illustrates how the Moche people of northern Peru associated warriors and predators, likening warfare to hunting prey. These vessels frequently featured beings with characteristics of both people, plants and animals.
Spectacles and Spectators
Like many pre-modern societies, the Classic period Maya (AD 250-900 AD) used ritual and ceremony performed by the rulers or elites to appease gods, repeat historical events, and prepare for the future. But not all ceremonies were secret rituals; in fact, many were public rituals, theatrical performances and dances played in public arenas to unite communities and express political power relationships.
Like many pre-modern societies, the Classic period Maya (AD 250-900 AD) used ritual and ceremony performed by the rulers or elites to appease gods, repeat historical events, and prepare for the future. But not all ceremonies were secret rituals; in fact, many were public rituals, theatrical performances and dances played in public arenas to unite communities and express political power relationships.
History of Archaeology
The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from.
The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from.
Machu Picchu
On a cloud-draped ridge between the two peaks lies the site of Machu Picchu, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past.
On a cloud-draped ridge between the two peaks lies the site of Machu Picchu, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past.
Inca Textile Tunic, Peru
This finely woven shirt is an example of the type of textiles created for Inca officials by highly skilled female weavers. The Inca placed great value on textiles of cotton, alpaca and vicuña wool.
This finely woven shirt is an example of the type of textiles created for Inca officials by highly skilled female weavers. The Inca placed great value on textiles of cotton, alpaca and vicuña wool.
Clovis Spear Point
As Ice Age hunter-gatherers, the Clovis people relied on expertly crafted spear points like this for a successful hunt. This spear point would have been tied to a long shaft with animal sinew and could have penetrated the thick skins of mammoths and other large mammals extinct today.
As Ice Age hunter-gatherers, the Clovis people relied on expertly crafted spear points like this for a successful hunt. This spear point would have been tied to a long shaft with animal sinew and could have penetrated the thick skins of mammoths and other large mammals extinct today.
Animal Domestication
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
Map of the Dead Sea Caves
A map of the location of the Dead Sea Scroll Caves and the site of Khirbet Qumran
A map of the location of the Dead Sea Scroll Caves and the site of Khirbet Qumran
Chang'an (China)
Chang'an is the name of one of the most important ancient capital cities of China.
Chang'an is the name of one of the most important ancient capital cities of China.
Getting into Graduate School
To become a professional archaeologist--that is, a person who earns a living as an archaeologist--one needs a graduate degree. This series is an introduction to gaining the level of training you need to become the next Indiana Jones.
To become a professional archaeologist--that is, a person who earns a living as an archaeologist--one needs a graduate degree. This series is an introduction to gaining the level of training you need to become the next Indiana Jones.
Arrowheads
Arrowheads are the most identifiable archaeological artifact in the world. Whether they've personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays or just watched them being shot into people in John Wayne movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts are the remnants of a hunting trip.
Arrowheads are the most identifiable archaeological artifact in the world. Whether they've personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays or just watched them being shot into people in John Wayne movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts are the remnants of a hunting trip.
Oasis Theory
The Oasis Theory is a core concept in archaeology, referring to one of the main hypotheses about the origins of agriculture.
The Oasis Theory is a core concept in archaeology, referring to one of the main hypotheses about the origins of agriculture.
Sacred Well, Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza - Sacred Cenote - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Sacred Cenote - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Hopewell Mica Claw
This beautiful mica bird claw holds clues about Hopewell society. The mica used is from the Appalachian Mountains, which shows that the Hopewell interacted with people outside of Ohio. Great skill was needed to fabricate this object out of mica, suggesting craft specialists within Hopewell society.
This beautiful mica bird claw holds clues about Hopewell society. The mica used is from the Appalachian Mountains, which shows that the Hopewell interacted with people outside of Ohio. Great skill was needed to fabricate this object out of mica, suggesting craft specialists within Hopewell society.
Antietam
The turning point of the American Civil War was the bloodbath of Antietam. There were 23,000 casualties; and the impact of such a toll on the American president was to discard the concept of settling with the upstart southern states and create the Emancipation Proclamation.
The turning point of the American Civil War was the bloodbath of Antietam. There were 23,000 casualties; and the impact of such a toll on the American president was to discard the concept of settling with the upstart southern states and create the Emancipation Proclamation.
Shaker Screen
As earth is excavated from an excavation unit, it is brought to a shaker screen, where it is processed through a 1/4 inch mesh screen.
As earth is excavated from an excavation unit, it is brought to a shaker screen, where it is processed through a 1/4 inch mesh screen.
St. Paul's Cathedral, London
St. Paul's Cathedral, designed by architect Christopher Wren and built between 1675 and 1710, is the fourth church on this site overlooking London.
St. Paul's Cathedral, designed by architect Christopher Wren and built between 1675 and 1710, is the fourth church on this site overlooking London.
Dancing Girl
A 4500 year old statuette of a dancing girl from the ancient Harappan town of Mohenjo-Daro dances across space and time into our imaginations.
A 4500 year old statuette of a dancing girl from the ancient Harappan town of Mohenjo-Daro dances across space and time into our imaginations.
Shoes and Footwear History
Evidence for the earliest use of shoes--protective covering of the foot--appears to date from the Middle Paleolithic period of approximately 40,000 years ago.
Evidence for the earliest use of shoes--protective covering of the foot--appears to date from the Middle Paleolithic period of approximately 40,000 years ago.
Tutankhamun's Tomb (Egypt)
The archaeological site of Tutankhamun's Tomb must surely be one of the most famous burials on the planet.
The archaeological site of Tutankhamun's Tomb must surely be one of the most famous burials on the planet.
El Castillo
El Castillo (Kukulcan or the Castle), Chichen Itza, Mexico
El Castillo (Kukulcan or the Castle), Chichen Itza, Mexico
Temple of the Jaguars
Chichen Itza - Great Ball Court and Temple of the Jaguars - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Great Ball Court and Temple of the Jaguars - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire was established in western subsaharan Africa by Sonni 'Ali Ber in AD 1464.
The Songhai Empire was established in western subsaharan Africa by Sonni 'Ali Ber in AD 1464.
Ceque System
The word 'ceque' means 'line' in the Inca language Quechua but in reality it meant many things to the Inca, some of which we probably will never understand.
The word 'ceque' means 'line' in the Inca language Quechua but in reality it meant many things to the Inca, some of which we probably will never understand.
Wall of Skulls
Chichen Itza - Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli) - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Chichen Itza - Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli) - A Walking Tour of Chichen Itza - Ancient Maya Ruins of Mexico
Indus Civilization
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
Great Wall of China
While not really visible from outer space, the Great Wall of China is still an amazing feat of architecture.
While not really visible from outer space, the Great Wall of China is still an amazing feat of architecture.
Australopithecus
Australopithecus is one of several species of hominins who may or may not be Homo sapiens direct ancestor.
Australopithecus is one of several species of hominins who may or may not be Homo sapiens direct ancestor.
Ludlow Coal Massacre
In April 1914, the Colorado National Guard opened fire on a tent city of striking minors and their families, killing 25 people. The outcome of the Ludlow Coal Massacre led to the reformation of labor practices in the country; and so the site is #1 on our list of battle sites to visit.
In April 1914, the Colorado National Guard opened fire on a tent city of striking minors and their families, killing 25 people. The outcome of the Ludlow Coal Massacre led to the reformation of labor practices in the country; and so the site is #1 on our list of battle sites to visit.
Minoan Culture Timeline
The Minoan civilization (Minoan culture) is what archaeologists call the early part of the prehistoric Bronze Age of Greece.
The Minoan civilization (Minoan culture) is what archaeologists call the early part of the prehistoric Bronze Age of Greece.
Domestication of Cattle
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
Bonampak, Chiapas
The Maya ruins called Bonampak are those of a classic period Maya (AD 250-900) site located in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. This photo illustrates the way the site looks today as you approach it from the road.
The Maya ruins called Bonampak are those of a classic period Maya (AD 250-900) site located in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. This photo illustrates the way the site looks today as you approach it from the road.
Vikings
Most of the archaeological investigations undertaken on the Viking Age have been focused on the two hundred years or so the Vikings spent raiding Europe.
Most of the archaeological investigations undertaken on the Viking Age have been focused on the two hundred years or so the Vikings spent raiding Europe.
Mammoth Bone Dwellings
A mammoth bone dwelling is a very early type of housing used by hunter gatherers in central Europe during the Late Pleistocene and constructed substantially of the bones and tusks of ancient mammoths.
A mammoth bone dwelling is a very early type of housing used by hunter gatherers in central Europe during the Late Pleistocene and constructed substantially of the bones and tusks of ancient mammoths.
Field Schools
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Stone Llamas, Inca
These stone figurines illustrate the important role of domesticated animals to the Inca economy, and may have had ritual or ceremonial uses. Llamas, as depicted in these figurines, were used as pack animals to carry goods across Inca roads. Llamas were also an important food source.
These stone figurines illustrate the important role of domesticated animals to the Inca economy, and may have had ritual or ceremonial uses. Llamas, as depicted in these figurines, were used as pack animals to carry goods across Inca roads. Llamas were also an important food source.
Hampi Ruins, India
Hampi Ruins, India
Hampi Ruins, India
Hieroglyphic Symbols
Hieroglyphic symbols are a form of writing which uses little pictures to represent actions or things.
Hieroglyphic symbols are a form of writing which uses little pictures to represent actions or things.
Lucy (Ethiopia)
Lucy is the name of the nearly complete skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis, found in 1974 at AL 333, a site in the Hadar archaeological region on the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
Lucy is the name of the nearly complete skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis, found in 1974 at AL 333, a site in the Hadar archaeological region on the Afar Triangle of Ethiopia.
Field Technician Contacts
Whether you're looking for a job in archaeology or merely thinking about going into graduate school, this page is the starting point for you.
Whether you're looking for a job in archaeology or merely thinking about going into graduate school, this page is the starting point for you.
Plant Domestication
A table of dates, places, and links to further detailed information about the domestication of plants.
A table of dates, places, and links to further detailed information about the domestication of plants.
News on Kennewick Man
Latest news reports and feature stories on Kennewick Man and where they are located around the Internet.
Latest news reports and feature stories on Kennewick Man and where they are located around the Internet.
Little Bighorn
The Battle of Little Bighorn was the site of the first intensive battlefield archaeology studies, conducted between 1985 and 1989, by Richard Fox, Douglas Scott and Melissa Connor who investigated the dry hills of southeastern Montana for cartridge cases, bullets, army equipment, clothing fragments and skeletal remains: all that was left of George Armstrong Custer and his doomed 7th calvary.
The Battle of Little Bighorn was the site of the first intensive battlefield archaeology studies, conducted between 1985 and 1989, by Richard Fox, Douglas Scott and Melissa Connor who investigated the dry hills of southeastern Montana for cartridge cases, bullets, army equipment, clothing fragments and skeletal remains: all that was left of George Armstrong Custer and his doomed 7th calvary.
Tree Rings and Culture
The study of tree rings can provide far more cultural information than simply the date a tree was cut down, as this study of the medieval German town of Lubeck demonstrates.
The study of tree rings can provide far more cultural information than simply the date a tree was cut down, as this study of the medieval German town of Lubeck demonstrates.
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde
In The Ancient Americas exhibition, visitors will be able to walk through a recreation of a Puebloan household similar to the one shown here at Mesa Verde National Park. Visitors can learn more about how ancient Pueblo people lived, ate and slept through a variety of hands-on interactives.
In The Ancient Americas exhibition, visitors will be able to walk through a recreation of a Puebloan household similar to the one shown here at Mesa Verde National Park. Visitors can learn more about how ancient Pueblo people lived, ate and slept through a variety of hands-on interactives.
Maya Carving with Glyphs
This fragment was found in part of the Maya kingdom in Belize, and though the text is incomplete, it tells of a ruler known as K'an III whose military skills earned him the title "He of 20 Captives." The bound figure in the relief may represent one of his captives.
This fragment was found in part of the Maya kingdom in Belize, and though the text is incomplete, it tells of a ruler known as K'an III whose military skills earned him the title "He of 20 Captives." The bound figure in the relief may represent one of his captives.
Catal Hoyuk
Catalhoyuk is one of the earliest urban centers in the world; and Ian Hodder's study of its shrines has included the most forward-thinking and vital work in archaeology today.
Catalhoyuk is one of the earliest urban centers in the world; and Ian Hodder's study of its shrines has included the most forward-thinking and vital work in archaeology today.
Amelia Earhart's Fate
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot, and why it may be only a matter of time before the remaining evidence is eroded away.
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot, and why it may be only a matter of time before the remaining evidence is eroded away.
Radiocarbon Dating Method
Radiocarbon dating uses the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick.
Radiocarbon dating uses the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick.
Dahomey's Royal Road
The Cana-Abomey Road was built in the 18th century by the West African kingdom of Dahomey in what is today the country of Benin.
The Cana-Abomey Road was built in the 18th century by the West African kingdom of Dahomey in what is today the country of Benin.