Archaeology: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
The Discovery of Fire
The discovery of fire was one of the earliest discoveries of humans. Fire's purposes are multiple, some of which are to add light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to burn clay for ceramic objects.
The discovery of fire was one of the earliest discoveries of humans. Fire's purposes are multiple, some of which are to add light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to burn clay for ceramic objects.
A.D. (or AD) (Anno Domini)
: The initials A.D. (used with or without periods) is an abbreviation for the Latin "Anno Domini", which
: The initials A.D. (used with or without periods) is an abbreviation for the Latin "Anno Domini", which
History Definition
Historians study the past by examining and analyzing the written documents of what people have written about past events. Here is a collection of the definition of history.
Historians study the past by examining and analyzing the written documents of what people have written about past events. Here is a collection of the definition of history.
A Walking Tour of Machu Picchu, Peru
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
The residential palace of the Inca king Pachacuti has drawn tourists from all over the world because of its lovely impossible location at the edge of the world. Gina Carey was at Machu Picchu during the Summer of 2004, and shares her photographs with us.
The Iceman
The Iceman is the name of a 5,300-year-old human body discovered high in the Swiss/Italian Alps in 1991.
The Iceman is the name of a 5,300-year-old human body discovered high in the Swiss/Italian Alps in 1991.
Aztec Gods
Learn more about Aztec gods and religion, Refer to this page to know the most important Aztec gods
Learn more about Aztec gods and religion, Refer to this page to know the most important Aztec gods
Aztec Culture: The Aztec Capital City of...
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
The Aztec culture site called Tenochtitlan was located in a very peculiar place today, in a marsh in the middle of a lake surrounded by mountains--a place now called Mexico City.
Archaeology and the Fate of Amelia Earhart
The TIGHAR project searching for traces of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan was begun in the 1980s, and the earliest archaeological investigations were focused on Nikumaroro island.
The TIGHAR project searching for traces of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan was begun in the 1980s, and the earliest archaeological investigations were focused on Nikumaroro island.
The Sphinx
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
The Sphinx, Old Kingdom, Egypt
Cat History and Domestication
Although available evidence makes it difficult to say, the modern day cat was permanently domesticated about 4000 years ago, in Egypt.
Although available evidence makes it difficult to say, the modern day cat was permanently domesticated about 4000 years ago, in Egypt.
Bitumen
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
Bitumen is a black, oily, viscous material that is a naturally-occurring organic byproduct of decomposed organic materials; and it was used by humans and our ancestors for any number of very useful things for the past 40,000 years.
Who Were the Aryans?
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
The Aryan Invasion Myth was developed in the late 19th century to explain the blossoming of the Indus River Civilization; but it stems from a flawed argument and old fashioned racist supremacism.
Dog History
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
When and where the partnership of dog and humans first occurred is currently under considerable debate.
Babylon (Iraq)
The archaeological site of Babylon was the capital of a small city state of Mesopotamia, named Babylonia, located in what is now Iraq, near the modern town of Hilla.
The archaeological site of Babylon was the capital of a small city state of Mesopotamia, named Babylonia, located in what is now Iraq, near the modern town of Hilla.
Background Research
Background research refers to accessing the collection of previously published and unpublished information about a site, region, or particular topic of interest and it is the first step of all good archaeological investigations, as well as that of all writers of any kind of research paper.
Background research refers to accessing the collection of previously published and unpublished information about a site, region, or particular topic of interest and it is the first step of all good archaeological investigations, as well as that of all writers of any kind of research paper.
How to Become an Archaeologist
Have you always dreamed of being an archaeologist, but don't know how to become one? To become an archaeologist takes education, reading, training, and persistence. Here's how you can get started exploring that dream job
Have you always dreamed of being an archaeologist, but don't know how to become one? To become an archaeologist takes education, reading, training, and persistence. Here's how you can get started exploring that dream job
The New Seven Wonders of the World
A quick photo tour of the new seven wonders of the world--plus some extras that readers say should be in there, too.
A quick photo tour of the new seven wonders of the world--plus some extras that readers say should be in there, too.
Animal Domestication Table of Dates and Places
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
Domestication is the process of genetically adapting an animal or plant to better suit the needs of human beings; this page includes a definition of domestication and a table of domestication dates for animals in the world.
The Fate of Amelia Earhart
Ric Gillespie's TIGHAR crew spent some time talking to the Nicumaroro island colonists, none of whom live there today, having only lived on the island from 1941 to 1963.
Ric Gillespie's TIGHAR crew spent some time talking to the Nicumaroro island colonists, none of whom live there today, having only lived on the island from 1941 to 1963.
A Guide to the Paleolithic
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
A definition and chronology of the Stone Age (more commonly known to scholars as the Paleolithic era), which in human prehistory is the name given to the period between about 2.5 million and 20,000 years ago.
History of Chickens (Gallus domesticus)
The history of chickens and when they were domesticated is something of a puzzle, but most likely it was about 8,000 years ago in Thailand.
The history of chickens and when they were domesticated is something of a puzzle, but most likely it was about 8,000 years ago in Thailand.
Archaeology FAQ: How do I get to be an...
What kind of job can I get in archaeology? Does it pay well? Do you have to work when it's hot? These are the questions that everyone who is thinking about being an archaeologist wants to know.
What kind of job can I get in archaeology? Does it pay well? Do you have to work when it's hot? These are the questions that everyone who is thinking about being an archaeologist wants to know.
Emperor Qin's Terracotta Army
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife.
Indus Civilization Timeline and Description
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
The Indus civilization (also known as the Harappan Civilization, the Indus-Sarasvati or Hakra Civilization) is one of the oldest societies we know of, including over 2600 known archaeological sites located along the Indus and Sarasvati rivers in Pakistan and India
Why Don't We Call Them Cro-Magnon Anymore?
Cro-Magnons are what scholars now call Anatomically Modern Humans or Early Modern Humans, mostly because Cro-Magnon refers to to a specific archaeological site which isn't really typical of the rest
Cro-Magnons are what scholars now call Anatomically Modern Humans or Early Modern Humans, mostly because Cro-Magnon refers to to a specific archaeological site which isn't really typical of the rest
The Vikings
The Vikings were a farming culture, who originated in Scandinavia about the 4th century AD, and began to spread out and conquer the Europe in the 9th century AD. They were mostly defeated or subsumed into other cultures by the 13th century AD.
The Vikings were a farming culture, who originated in Scandinavia about the 4th century AD, and began to spread out and conquer the Europe in the 9th century AD. They were mostly defeated or subsumed into other cultures by the 13th century AD.
Aztecs and the Aztec Civilization
Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico
Research Paper Topics
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
If your archaeology or anthropology professor has assigned you a research paper to write on any archaeological culture or site, how do you pick one? Luckily, there are several ways, located right here.
Material Culture
: The term "material culture" is often used by archaeologists as a non-specific way to refer to the artifacts
: The term "material culture" is often used by archaeologists as a non-specific way to refer to the artifacts
Cattle (Bos spp)
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
Although evidence for hunting wild forms of cattle exists at archaeological sites dated to our earliest days on the planet, herding cattle was first accomplished in Western Asia by about 6000 BC, and in perhaps the eastern Sahara desert about 1000 years earlier.
BP (or B.P.)
Archaeologists use the term 'BP' to mean 'years before humans began to screw up the atmosphere by testing nuclear devices'.
Archaeologists use the term 'BP' to mean 'years before humans began to screw up the atmosphere by testing nuclear devices'.
Top 10 Things to Know about the Aztecs
Short list of the main facts and aspects of Aztec culture
Short list of the main facts and aspects of Aztec culture
Huitzilopochtli
Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec god of war and sacrifice, learn more about Aztec mythology and religion
Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec god of war and sacrifice, learn more about Aztec mythology and religion
Horticulture
The archaeological use of the term horticulture is used to describe a subsistence strategy between hunting and gathering and full fledged agriculture.
The archaeological use of the term horticulture is used to describe a subsistence strategy between hunting and gathering and full fledged agriculture.
Ancient Roads
Modern road systems are often built atop ancient road ways, roads built hundreds or thousands of years ago to sustain empire building, trade and cultural connections. This page describes several of our most ancient roadways, from the most ancient trackways to the Inca road system.
Modern road systems are often built atop ancient road ways, roads built hundreds or thousands of years ago to sustain empire building, trade and cultural connections. This page describes several of our most ancient roadways, from the most ancient trackways to the Inca road system.
Neanderthal Study Guide
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
A few important facts about Neandertals, part of an intensive study guide about these human ancestors
Aztec Sacrifices
The Aztecs, or more properly the Mexica, practiced several different types of ritual sacrifice to secure the benevolence of the gods.
The Aztecs, or more properly the Mexica, practiced several different types of ritual sacrifice to secure the benevolence of the gods.
Hunter Gatherers
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
Hunter gatherers is the name anthropologists have given to people who rely on a combined living of hunting game and gathering root vegetables, nuts, and seeds. Hunting and gathering was the lifestyle of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago; and, to state it simply, hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods.
Ancient Farming
Ancient farming methods used by farmers throughout the world varied quite a bit. Farmers developed many ways to maintain soils, ward off frost and freeze cycles and protect their crops from animals. On this page you'll find core concept definitions, articles on examples of archaeological research into ancient farming, detailed examination of some special farming techniques and bibliographies of related topics.
Ancient farming methods used by farmers throughout the world varied quite a bit. Farmers developed many ways to maintain soils, ward off frost and freeze cycles and protect their crops from animals. On this page you'll find core concept definitions, articles on examples of archaeological research into ancient farming, detailed examination of some special farming techniques and bibliographies of related topics.
Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations
Ancient civilizations sometimes evolve from simpler societies; this much is apparent. The characteristics which identify increasing complexity include a range of different elements.
Ancient civilizations sometimes evolve from simpler societies; this much is apparent. The characteristics which identify increasing complexity include a range of different elements.
Ancient City of Ur
The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar, was an important Sumerian city state between about 2025-1738 BC.
The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar, was an important Sumerian city state between about 2025-1738 BC.
Maya Civilization Important Facts
Facts about the economics, politics, warfare, rituals, architecture, and other interesting things to know about the Maya Civilization
Facts about the economics, politics, warfare, rituals, architecture, and other interesting things to know about the Maya Civilization
Viking Social Structure
Viking society is traditionally described as highly stratified, with three classes as written into mythology, slaves (thrall), farmers (karl), and aristocracy (jarl or earl)V
Viking society is traditionally described as highly stratified, with three classes as written into mythology, slaves (thrall), farmers (karl), and aristocracy (jarl or earl)V
Silkworms (Bombyx)
The use of the silk worm species Bombyx to produce cloth was invented at least as early as the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC), and perhaps earlier.
The use of the silk worm species Bombyx to produce cloth was invented at least as early as the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC), and perhaps earlier.
Indus Seals and the Indus Civilization Script
Recent investigation of seals from the ancient Indus Civilization suggest that the glyphs represent a full, as-yet-deciphered language.
Recent investigation of seals from the ancient Indus Civilization suggest that the glyphs represent a full, as-yet-deciphered language.
Arrowheads and Projectile Points
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Arrowheads are among the most easily recognized artifact in the world. These little tools are often the subject of a number of myths, legends and misconceptions; here is a description of the five top myths and the five top unknown facts about this ubiquitous stone tool.
Quipu (Khipu, Quipo)
The quipu (also spelled khipu or quipo) is the only known precolumbian information system in South America.
The quipu (also spelled khipu or quipo) is the only known precolumbian information system in South America.
Anthropology Definitions
Anthropology is, in short, the study of human beings; their culture, their behavior, their beliefs, their ways of surviving. Here is a collection of other definitions of anthropology from anthropologists.
Anthropology is, in short, the study of human beings; their culture, their behavior, their beliefs, their ways of surviving. Here is a collection of other definitions of anthropology from anthropologists.
Plant Domestication
A collection of plant histories, when and where humans domesticated them, with a table of dates and places and links to the stories themselves.
A collection of plant histories, when and where humans domesticated them, with a table of dates and places and links to the stories themselves.
Guide to the Inca Empire
The Inca were the largest pre-hispanic empire of South America when it was 'discovered' by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century AD.
The Inca were the largest pre-hispanic empire of South America when it was 'discovered' by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century AD.
Economy, Architecture and Religion of the Inca...
Important facts about the economy, architecture and religion of the inca empire
Important facts about the economy, architecture and religion of the inca empire
Archaeology Definition
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
What is Archaeology? The study of archaeology has been defined in a number of silly and serious ways. Here's a collection of pithy quotes from archaeologists and non-archaeologists.
The Palace of Minos at Knossos
The Palace of Minos, excavated by Arthur Evans, is a standard Minoan palace of extraordinary size, begun during the prepalatial period of the Minoan civilization.
The Palace of Minos, excavated by Arthur Evans, is a standard Minoan palace of extraordinary size, begun during the prepalatial period of the Minoan civilization.
Aztec Religion
The Aztecs had a complex set of beliefs, ceremonies and gods, each one overlloking an aspect of human life...
The Aztecs had a complex set of beliefs, ceremonies and gods, each one overlloking an aspect of human life...
Minoans
The Minoan civilization is what archaeologists call the early part of the prehistoric Bronze Age of Greece.
The Minoan civilization is what archaeologists call the early part of the prehistoric Bronze Age of Greece.
Social Organization
Social organization of a group includes how people interact, and archaeologists look for clues to the social organizations in artifact patterns.
Social organization of a group includes how people interact, and archaeologists look for clues to the social organizations in artifact patterns.
Lower Paleolithic (Early Stone Age)
The Lower Paleolithic period (2.7 million to 200,000 years ago) is the first archaeology, that is to say, that period when the first evidence of what scientists consider human behaviors occurred.
The Lower Paleolithic period (2.7 million to 200,000 years ago) is the first archaeology, that is to say, that period when the first evidence of what scientists consider human behaviors occurred.
Pharaoh Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri (also spelled Deir el-Bahari) is one of the most beautiful temples in Egypt, built by the architects of Queen Hatshepsut, a pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Persian Empire: Timeline and Definition
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
At its height about 500 BC, the Persian empire had conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya.
Stratigraphy and Seriation
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
A short course on the various dating methods used in archaeological science over the centuries. Part 1: Relative Dating
Damascus Steel - Sword Makers of the Islamic...
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Damascus steel, the legendary steel blade scimitar of the Islamic side in the Crusades, was a formidable piece of weaponry for the middle ages. Modern science has given us new insights into how this iron metal was forged, and why this useful technology became lost.
Top 10 Ancient American Civilizations
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
The continents of North and South America were 'discovered' by the European civilizations in the late 15th century AD, but their civilizations were vast and complex long before the first European landed. The following are a taste of the complexity of the civilizations of ancient America.
What Kind of Career Can I Have in Archaeology?
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
What kind of real-life career choices do I have with a degree in archaeology?
Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman - Information about Otzi the Iceman
Otzi the Iceman - Information about Otzi the Iceman
Monumental Architecture
Monumental architecture refers to large man-made structures of stone or earth.
Monumental architecture refers to large man-made structures of stone or earth.
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic period falls between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.
The Mesolithic period falls between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.
Out of Africa Hypothesis
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
The Out of Africa or African Replacement Hypothesis argues that every living human being is descended from a small group in Africa.
Aksum of Ethiopia
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
The Kingdom of Aksum (first through sixth centuries AD) was one of the most powerful kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa, connecting the Roman empire and the rest of the world in the region of the Red Sea.
Maya Civilization Quiz
A trivia quiz about the Maya civilization: sans serif font tour of chichen itza architecture maya maya resources maya codices
A trivia quiz about the Maya civilization: sans serif font tour of chichen itza architecture maya maya resources maya codices
Quetzalcoatl
The Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent, is one of the most famous pre-Columbian deity and his cult was widespread in many Mesoamerican cultures
The Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent, is one of the most famous pre-Columbian deity and his cult was widespread in many Mesoamerican cultures
Great Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe)
Great Zimbabwe is an important African Iron Age site, one of hundreds of such sites in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa dated between the 10th and 15th centuries AD.
Great Zimbabwe is an important African Iron Age site, one of hundreds of such sites in Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa dated between the 10th and 15th centuries AD.
An Introduction to the Maya Civilization
The Maya Civilization or Mayan Civilization is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture.
The Maya Civilization or Mayan Civilization is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture.
Heinrich Schliemann and the Discovery of Troy
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Heinrich Schliemann, that quintessential archaeologist of the 19th century, claimed to have discovered the real site of Troy. But did he?
Inca Empire Timeline and Kinglist
The rulers of the Inca Empire were known known as the 'capac', and there are 12 known leaders of the Inca Empire, led by the founder Manco Capac.
The rulers of the Inca Empire were known known as the 'capac', and there are 12 known leaders of the Inca Empire, led by the founder Manco Capac.
Olmec Timeline and Definition
A guide to the Olmec civilization, including timelines, important sites, important facts, subsistence and settlement, burning issues, and a bibliography
A guide to the Olmec civilization, including timelines, important sites, important facts, subsistence and settlement, burning issues, and a bibliography
The Streets of Pompeii
A few of the streets were wide enough for two-way traffic; and some of them had stepping stones midway.
A few of the streets were wide enough for two-way traffic; and some of them had stepping stones midway.
Hominin
: Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human
: Over the last few years, the word "hominin" has crept into the public news stories about our human
BCE (or B.C.E.) and CE (or C.E.)
: BCE stands for "Before the Common Era" and it is basically equivalent to "BC", except that it doesn't
: BCE stands for "Before the Common Era" and it is basically equivalent to "BC", except that it doesn't
Cultural Evolution
Cultural evolution is the theory that culture changes over time as an adaptive response to stimulus.
Cultural evolution is the theory that culture changes over time as an adaptive response to stimulus.
The Geoglyphic Art of Chile's Atacama Desert
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
There are over 5,000 prehistoric geoglyphs in the Atacama Desert, and like the Nazca lines, they are mysterious, beautiful and awe-inspiring. Although we can't know the entire reason they were built, researcher Luis Briones believes they are part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel.
Mixed Cropping
Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a type of agriculture that involves planting two or more of plants simultaneously in the same field.
Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a type of agriculture that involves planting two or more of plants simultaneously in the same field.
Amelia Earhart's Fate: The Archaeological...
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot, and why it may be only a matter of time before the remaining evidence is eroded away.
Amelia Earhart's disappearance in 1937 has long been a fascinating mystery. In this article, Thomas F. King, Senior Archaeologist of the TIGHAR project, reports on recent archaeological evidence concerning what happened to the aviation pioneer and her copilot, and why it may be only a matter of time before the remaining evidence is eroded away.
Silk Worms
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
Silk worms were first domesticated in China, probably during the Longshan period (3500-2000 BC)
Capacocha Ceremony
The capacocha ceremony was an important part of the Inca civilization, in which children were sacrificed to celebrate royal events, or to avoid natural catastrophes.
The capacocha ceremony was an important part of the Inca civilization, in which children were sacrificed to celebrate royal events, or to avoid natural catastrophes.
The Kingdom of Kush
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
After classical Egypt, the first civilization in Africa was called Kush or Kushite, located on the third cataract of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan.
ArchaeoAstronomy
An interview with David Dearborn, on his research at the interface between astronomy and archaeology.
An interview with David Dearborn, on his research at the interface between astronomy and archaeology.
Goats (Capra hircus)
Beginning about 10,500-10,800 years ago, Neolithic farmers in the Near East began keeping small herds of goats for their milk, meat, dung, as well as for materials for clothing and building: hair, bone, and sinew.
Beginning about 10,500-10,800 years ago, Neolithic farmers in the Near East began keeping small herds of goats for their milk, meat, dung, as well as for materials for clothing and building: hair, bone, and sinew.
Caral: The Earliest Civilization in the New World
A collection of sites in the Supe Valley of Peru are proving to be the ancestral source of the Inca and other later civilizations of South and Central America. Caral and the other Supe Valley sites promise to teach us why people choose to become urban dwellers.
A collection of sites in the Supe Valley of Peru are proving to be the ancestral source of the Inca and other later civilizations of South and Central America. Caral and the other Supe Valley sites promise to teach us why people choose to become urban dwellers.
Islamic Civilization
The Islamic Civilization is in reality an amalgam of wide variety of cultures, from North Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.
The Islamic Civilization is in reality an amalgam of wide variety of cultures, from North Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa.
Aztec Origins
This page describes the mythical and archaeological origins of the Aztec people, and the founding of their capital city of Tenochtitlán
This page describes the mythical and archaeological origins of the Aztec people, and the founding of their capital city of Tenochtitlán
C3, C4, and CAM Plants
Most plants fall into three groups, based on their chemical makeup: C4, C3, and CAM; archaeologists are particularly interested in C3 and C4 plants. Here's why.
Most plants fall into three groups, based on their chemical makeup: C4, C3, and CAM; archaeologists are particularly interested in C3 and C4 plants. Here's why.
The (Pre) History of Clovis
Clovis is the name of a city in New Mexico, a prehistoric archaeological site located near Clovis, and the name archaeologists have provided to the people who roamed the Americas between 9,800 and 10,800 RCYBP.
Clovis is the name of a city in New Mexico, a prehistoric archaeological site located near Clovis, and the name archaeologists have provided to the people who roamed the Americas between 9,800 and 10,800 RCYBP.
The Invention of Pottery
Recent archaeological evidence shows that the oldest ceramics in the world so far were discovered in mainland China, and dated to 20,000 years ago.
Recent archaeological evidence shows that the oldest ceramics in the world so far were discovered in mainland China, and dated to 20,000 years ago.
Ancient Maya Bloodletting Rituals
Bloodletting rituals and sacrifices were a widespread practice among the ancient people of Mesoamerica.
Bloodletting rituals and sacrifices were a widespread practice among the ancient people of Mesoamerica.
Tlaloc, the Aztec Rain God
Tlaloc, the rain god, was one of the most important gods in Aztec religion
Tlaloc, the rain god, was one of the most important gods in Aztec religion
Top 8 Unknown Ancient Empires
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
Everyone knows of some ancient civilizations, either from World History classes in school, from books or films, or from television specials on the Discovery Channel, the BBC or Public Broadcasting. Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, all of these are covered again and again in our books, magazines, and television shows. But there are so many interesting, less well-known civilizations! Here's an admittedly biased selection of some of them and why they are not to be forgotten.
Archaeology Equipment: The Tools of the Trade
A photo essay of the tools that archaeologists use during the course of an investigation, before, during and after the excavations.
A photo essay of the tools that archaeologists use during the course of an investigation, before, during and after the excavations.
Dust Veil of AD 536
The dust veil of AD 536 was a period of a year to 18 months when the world experienced some kind of calamity, and historic records and dendrochronological records from around the world hold the evidence.
The dust veil of AD 536 was a period of a year to 18 months when the world experienced some kind of calamity, and historic records and dendrochronological records from around the world hold the evidence.
Letter of Intent
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
A letter of intent addressed to each graduate school you apply to is your opportunity to show your strengths and that you recognize your weaknesses.
Pyramid
A pyramid is one of the earliest form of massive monumental architecture built by humans.
A pyramid is one of the earliest form of massive monumental architecture built by humans.
Radiocarbon Dating
Radiocarbon dating is a method used by archaeologist to date organic materials by comparing the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick.
Radiocarbon dating is a method used by archaeologist to date organic materials by comparing the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick.
Pompeii: Buried in Ages
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Arguably the best known archaeological site in the world--and one of the best documented on the web.
Guide to Ancient Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Mesopotamia is an ancient civilization that took up pretty much everything that today is modern Iraq, a triangular patch wedged between the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Lesser Zab River.
Stratigraphy
In archaeology, the study of stratigraphy involves looking at the geological and archaeological layers that make up an archaeological deposit to better understand the processes that created the site.
In archaeology, the study of stratigraphy involves looking at the geological and archaeological layers that make up an archaeological deposit to better understand the processes that created the site.
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu lies on a cloud-draped ridge between the two mountain tops, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past of South America.
Machu Picchu lies on a cloud-draped ridge between the two mountain tops, part of the estate of the Inca king Pachacuti, one of the glories of the ancient past of South America.
Horse History
The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is spread throughout the world and is among the most diverse creatures on the planet.
The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is spread throughout the world and is among the most diverse creatures on the planet.
Site Formation Processes
In archaeology, the term Site Formation Processes refers to the events that created an archaeological site.
In archaeology, the term Site Formation Processes refers to the events that created an archaeological site.
Viking History
The Viking Age was a time of great change on the European continent. The Viking Age traditionally refers to the period in northern Europe between the first Scandinavian raid on England, in AD 793, and ends with the death villa Harald Hardrada in 1066, in a failed attempt to attain the English throne.
The Viking Age was a time of great change on the European continent. The Viking Age traditionally refers to the period in northern Europe between the first Scandinavian raid on England, in AD 793, and ends with the death villa Harald Hardrada in 1066, in a failed attempt to attain the English throne.
Shi Huangdi's Tomb (China)
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
The emperor Shi Huangdi [246-210 BC] was the Tiger of Qin, the first emperor of China, who unified the warring states into one group; his tomb includes the fabulous terra cotta army.
History of Rice, Part One
Archaeology has traced the history of rice to nearly 12,000 years ago.
Archaeology has traced the history of rice to nearly 12,000 years ago.
Important Facts about the Olmec
Facts about the Olmec concerning their colossal heads of stone, their written language, their rituals, their artwork
Facts about the Olmec concerning their colossal heads of stone, their written language, their rituals, their artwork
Guide to the Angkor Civilization
The Angkor Civilization (or Khmer Civilization) is the name given to an important civilization of southeast Asia, including all of Cambodia and southeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam
The Angkor Civilization (or Khmer Civilization) is the name given to an important civilization of southeast Asia, including all of Cambodia and southeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam
Mayan Economics
The Maya civilization had an extensive economic system, based on trade and agriculture. Here are some details of some of that system.
The Maya civilization had an extensive economic system, based on trade and agriculture. Here are some details of some of that system.
History of Agriculture
The history of farming begins some 12,000 years ago, in the hilly flanks of the Zagros Mountains of southwest Asia
The history of farming begins some 12,000 years ago, in the hilly flanks of the Zagros Mountains of southwest Asia
Kilwa Kisiwani
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
On a small island off the coast of Tanzania lies the site of Kilwa Kisiwani, also called Kilwa, the most important of about thirty-five trading sites on the Indian Ocean during the 11th through 16th centuries AD.
Machu Picchu (Peru)
The New Seven Wonders: Machu Picchu (Peru)
The New Seven Wonders: Machu Picchu (Peru)
Feudalism
: Feudalism is a construct of post-medieval scholars, referring to a system of political organization,
: Feudalism is a construct of post-medieval scholars, referring to a system of political organization,
Anthropology
Anthropologists have many interests, traditionally defined in four fields: biological and cultural anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Here's a definition of this crucial concept provided by Michael Scullin.
Anthropologists have many interests, traditionally defined in four fields: biological and cultural anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics. Here's a definition of this crucial concept provided by Michael Scullin.
Viking Raids
Viking raids were a characteristic of the Scandinavian early medieval pirates called the Vikings, particularly during the first 50 years of the Viking Age (~793-850)
Viking raids were a characteristic of the Scandinavian early medieval pirates called the Vikings, particularly during the first 50 years of the Viking Age (~793-850)
Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic is the name given to the period in the Near East and Europe after the Neolithic and before the Bronze Age, between about 4500 and 3500 BC.
The Chalcolithic is the name given to the period in the Near East and Europe after the Neolithic and before the Bronze Age, between about 4500 and 3500 BC.
Wheat Domestication
Wheat was one of the very first crops domesticated by our ancestors, some 10,000 years ago in southeastern Turkey.
Wheat was one of the very first crops domesticated by our ancestors, some 10,000 years ago in southeastern Turkey.
Archaeology Quiz: Inca Civilization
Archaeology Quiz: Inca Civilization: inca civilization puzzles and games archaeology games puzzles quiz
Archaeology Quiz: Inca Civilization: inca civilization puzzles and games archaeology games puzzles quiz
Archaeology Field Schools
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Want to gain experience in archaeology? Thinking about a career or just looking for some interesting things to do with your summer vacation? Then the field school is for you.
Coconut Domestication
There are two broad types of coconuts, called dwarf and tall, and the types are part of the history of the origins of domestication
There are two broad types of coconuts, called dwarf and tall, and the types are part of the history of the origins of domestication
African Iron Age
In Africa, unlike the Europe and Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but rather all the metals came at once.
In Africa, unlike the Europe and Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but rather all the metals came at once.
BC (or B.C.)
The term B.C. is used by nearly everyone in the United States to mean dates in the Julian Calendar before the birth of Christ, or at least before the date once thought to be that of Christ's birth (the year 0).
The term B.C. is used by nearly everyone in the United States to mean dates in the Julian Calendar before the birth of Christ, or at least before the date once thought to be that of Christ's birth (the year 0).
The Taj Mahal (India)
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
The New Seven Wonders: Taj Mahal (India)
The Human Family Tree
The Human Family Tree is a 90 minute long video in DVD format,
The Human Family Tree is a 90 minute long video in DVD format,
Cotton (Gossypium)
Refer to this page to learn more about the origin of cotton domestication and cultivation
Refer to this page to learn more about the origin of cotton domestication and cultivation
Cultural Resource Management
Cultural Resource Management is, essentially, a process by which the protection and management of the multitudinous but scarce elements of cultural heritage are given some consideration in a modern world with an expanding population and changing needs.
Cultural Resource Management is, essentially, a process by which the protection and management of the multitudinous but scarce elements of cultural heritage are given some consideration in a modern world with an expanding population and changing needs.
Multiregional Hypothesis
The Multiregional Hypothesis argues that our earliest hominid ancestors radiated out from Africa and Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world.
The Multiregional Hypothesis argues that our earliest hominid ancestors radiated out from Africa and Homo sapiens evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world.
Silk Road Cities
A guided tour to the cities of the Silk Road
A guided tour to the cities of the Silk Road
Nalanda University Ruins
Nalanda University Ruins, India
Nalanda University Ruins, India
Ochre
The natural yellow-red-brown pigment known as ochre was humankind's first paint pot, used by our hominid ancestors nearly 300,000 years ago.
The natural yellow-red-brown pigment known as ochre was humankind's first paint pot, used by our hominid ancestors nearly 300,000 years ago.
The Moche Culture
The Moche culture was a South American society, whose sites were located along the arid coast of what is now Peru between 100 and 800 AD
The Moche culture was a South American society, whose sites were located along the arid coast of what is now Peru between 100 and 800 AD
Toltec Civilization
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
The Toltec Civilization was one of three great empires of the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan and before the rise of the Aztecs.
What is a Pit House?
A pit house (also spelled pithouse) is a type of dwelling that was excavated partly into the earth, from a few inches to more than three feet.
A pit house (also spelled pithouse) is a type of dwelling that was excavated partly into the earth, from a few inches to more than three feet.
Jericho (Palestine)
Jericho (also called Tell es-Sultan) is the name of tell situated on an ancient lake bed plain in what is known as the West Bank, in the territory belonging to Palestine.
Jericho (also called Tell es-Sultan) is the name of tell situated on an ancient lake bed plain in what is known as the West Bank, in the territory belonging to Palestine.
The Domestication of Maize
Maize is a plant of enormous modern-day economic usefulness, which has a curious domestication history.
Maize is a plant of enormous modern-day economic usefulness, which has a curious domestication history.
Damascus Steel
Researcher Peter Paufler and associates investigate Medieval nanotechnology to solve a riddle of the Damascus steel.
Researcher Peter Paufler and associates investigate Medieval nanotechnology to solve a riddle of the Damascus steel.
Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta stone is a big hunk of volcanic basalt found near the town of Rosetta, Egypt in 1799, by the French emperor Napoleon's expedition.
The Rosetta stone is a big hunk of volcanic basalt found near the town of Rosetta, Egypt in 1799, by the French emperor Napoleon's expedition.
Bog Bodies
The term bog bodies is used to refer to human burials, some likely sacrificed, recovered from peat bogs of Denmark, Germany, Holland, Britain, and Ireland.
The term bog bodies is used to refer to human burials, some likely sacrificed, recovered from peat bogs of Denmark, Germany, Holland, Britain, and Ireland.
Zhou Dynasty, China (1046-221 BC)
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
The Zhou Dynasty (also spelled Chou) conquered the Shang rulers and ruled major parts of what is now China for over 700 years (ca 1046-221 BC).
Mehrgarh (Pakistan)
Mehrgarh is a Neolithic (7000-3200 BC) site on the Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan, and one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in south Asia.
Mehrgarh is a Neolithic (7000-3200 BC) site on the Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan, and one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in south Asia.
Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)
The common bean comes in a multitude of colors shapes and sizes, and as you've no doubt been told, they're really good for you. They are an American domesticate, and their domestication history is an interesting one...
The common bean comes in a multitude of colors shapes and sizes, and as you've no doubt been told, they're really good for you. They are an American domesticate, and their domestication history is an interesting one...
World History Timelines
A collection of timelines for the world history of ancient cultures
A collection of timelines for the world history of ancient cultures
Characteristics of Civilization Quiz
A quiz about the characteristics of civilization: sans serif font document url body background background color civilization
A quiz about the characteristics of civilization: sans serif font document url body background background color civilization
Megafauna Extinctions
At the end of the last ice age (ca 15,000-10,000 years ago), 85 percent of the large mammals (called megafauna) went extinct.
At the end of the last ice age (ca 15,000-10,000 years ago), 85 percent of the large mammals (called megafauna) went extinct.
Easter Island
Easter Island, also known as Rapanui and Isla de Pascua, is a tiny dot of volcanic matter in the South Pacific Ocean, currently owned by Chile. Its story is a microcosm for the devastation brought by humans, and the ability of people to overcome their own mistakes.
Easter Island, also known as Rapanui and Isla de Pascua, is a tiny dot of volcanic matter in the South Pacific Ocean, currently owned by Chile. Its story is a microcosm for the devastation brought by humans, and the ability of people to overcome their own mistakes.
The Inca Capital City of Cuzco
The modern day city of Cuzco in the Andes Mountains of Peru was founded, according to legend, by Manco Capac, the founder of the Incan Civilization.
The modern day city of Cuzco in the Andes Mountains of Peru was founded, according to legend, by Manco Capac, the founder of the Incan Civilization.