History of the Domestication of Dogs

Variation on a Dog
Michael Blann / Getty Images

The domestication of dogs traces back to an ancient partnership between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans. This partnership was likely originally based on a human need for help with herding and hunting, for an early alarm system, and a source of food, in addition to the companionship many of us today know and rely upon. In return, dogs received companionship, protection, shelter, and a reliable food source. But when this partnership first occurred is under debate.

The history of dogs has been studied using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), suggesting that wolves and dogs split into different species around 100,000 years ago. While mtDNA analysis has shed some light on the domestication events that may have occurred between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago, researchers have not agreed on the results. Data suggests the original location of the domestication of dogs could have been in East Asia, the Middle East, or Europe.

Genetic data shows that the history of dogs is as intricate as that of the people they lived alongside, lending support to the long depth of the partnership but complicating origin theories.

Two Domestications

In 2016, a research team led by bioarchaeologist Greger Larson (Frantz et al. cited below) published mtDNA evidence for two places of origin for domestic dogs: one in Eastern Eurasia and the other in Western Eurasia. According to that analysis, ancient Asian dogs originated from a domestication event from Asian wolves at least 12,500 years ago, and European Paleolithic dogs originated from an independent domestication event from European wolves at least 15,000 years ago. Sometime before the Neolithic period (at least 6,400 years ago), Asian dogs were transported by humans to Europe where they displaced European Paleolithic dogs, according to the report.

That would explain why earlier DNA studies reported that all modern dogs were descended from one domestication event and the existence of evidence of two domestication events from two different far-flung locations. There were two populations of dogs in the Paleolithic, goes the hypothesis, but one of them—the European Paleolithic dog—is now extinct. Plenty of questions remain. There are no ancient American dogs included in most of the data, and Frantz et al., suggest the two progenitor species were descended from the same initial wolf population and both are now extinct.

However, other scholars (Botigué and colleagues, cited below) have investigated and found evidence to support migration events across the central Asia steppe region, but not for a complete replacement. They were unable to rule out Europe as the original domestication location.

The Data: Early Domestication of Dogs

The earliest confirmed domestic dog anywhere is from a burial site in Germany called Bonn-Oberkassel, which has joint human and dog interments dated 14,000 years ago. The earliest confirmed domesticated dog in China was found in the early Neolithic (7000–5800 BCE) Jiahu site in Henan Province.

Evidence for the co-existence of dogs and humans, but not necessarily domestication, comes from Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe. They hold evidence for dog interaction with humans and include Goyet Cave in Belgium, Chauvet Cave in France, and Predmosti in the Czech Republic. European Mesolithic sites like Skateholm (5250–3700 BC) in Sweden have dog burials, proving the value of the furry beasts to hunter-gatherer settlements.

Danger Cave in Utah is currently the earliest case of dog burial in the Americas, at about 11,000 years ago, likely a descendant of Asian dogs. Continued interbreeding with wolves, a characteristic found throughout the life history of dogs everywhere has resulted in the hybrid black wolf found in the Americas. Black fur coloration is a dog characteristic not originally found in wolves.

Dogs Treated Equally to Humans

Some studies of dog burials dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Kitoi period in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia suggest that in some cases, dogs were awarded "personhood" and treated equally to humans. A dog burial at the Shamanaka site was a male, middle-aged dog that had suffered injuries to its spine, injuries from which it recovered. The burial, radiocarbon dated to ~6,200 years ago (cal BP), was interred in a formal cemetery, and a similar manner to the humans within that cemetery. The dog may well have lived as a family member.

A wolf burial at the Lokomotiv-Raisovet cemetery (~7,300 cal BP) was also an older adult male. The wolf's diet (from stable isotope analysis) was made up of deer, not grain, and although its teeth were worn there is no direct evidence this wolf was part of the community. Nevertheless, it too was buried in a formal cemetery.

These burials are exceptions but not that rare. There is also evidence that fisher-hunters in Baikal consumed dogs and wolves, as their burned and fragmented bones appear in refuse pits. Archaeologist Robert Losey and associates, who conducted this study, suggest that Kitoi hunter-gatherers considered that at least these individual dogs were "persons."

Modern Breeds and Ancient Origins

Evidence for the appearance of breed variation is found in several European Upper Paleolithic sites. Medium-sized dogs (with wither heights between 45–60 cm) have been identified in Natufian sites in the Near East dated to ~15,500-11,000 cal BP). Medium to large dogs (wither heights above 60 cm) have been identified in Germany (Kniegrotte), Russia (Eliseevichi I), and Ukraine (Mezin), ~17,000-13,000 cal BP). Small dogs (wither heights under 45 cm) have been identified in Germany (Oberkassel, Teufelsbrucke, and Oelknitz), Switzerland (Hauterive-Champreveyres), France (Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, Pont d'Ambon) and Spain (Erralia) between ~15,000-12,300 cal BP. See the investigations by archaeologist Maud Pionnier-Capitan and associates for more information.

A recent study of pieces of DNA called SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphism) which have been identified as markers for modern dog breeds and published in 2012 (Larson et al) comes to some surprising conclusions. Despite clear evidence for marked size differentiation in early dogs (e.g., small, medium, and large dogs found at Svaerdborg), this has nothing to do with current dog breeds. The oldest modern dog breeds are no more than 500 years old, and most date only from ~150 years ago.

Theories of Modern Breed Origination

Scholars now agree that most dog breeds we see today are recent developments. However, the astounding variation in dogs is a relic of their ancient and varied domestication processes. Breeds vary in size from the one-pound (.5 kilogram) "teacup poodles" to giant mastiffs weighing more than 200 lbs (90 kg). In addition, breeds have different limb, body, and skull proportions, and they also vary in abilities, with some breeds developed with special skills such as herding, retrieving, scent detection, and guiding.

That may be because the domestication of dogs occurred while humans were all hunter-gatherers at the time, leading extensively migrant lifeways. Dogs spread with them, and thus so for a while dog and human populations developed in geographic isolation for a time. Eventually, however, human population growth and trade networks meant people reconnected, and that, say scholars, led to the genetic admixture in the dog population. When dog breeds began to be actively developed about 500 years ago, they were created out of a fairly homogenous gene pool, from dogs with mixed genetic heritages that had been developed in widely disparate locations.

Since the creation of kennel clubs, breeding has been selective, but even that was disrupted by World Wars I and II when breeding populations globally were decimated or went extinct. Dog breeders have since reestablished such breeds using a handful of individuals or combining similar breeds.

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Hirst, K. Kris. "History of the Domestication of Dogs." ThoughtCo, Aug. 11, 2024, thoughtco.com/how-and-why-dogs-were-domesticated-170656. Hirst, K. Kris. (2024, August 11). History of the Domestication of Dogs. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-and-why-dogs-were-domesticated-170656 Hirst, K. Kris. "History of the Domestication of Dogs." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-and-why-dogs-were-domesticated-170656 (accessed January 4, 2025).